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No 3 (2024)
- Year: 2024
- Published: 27.06.2024
- Articles: 6
- URL: https://rjsvd.com/0869-7922/issue/view/9775
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2024-32-3
Original articles
Analysis of promising directions for improving the methodological part of the biological monitoring system at potentially hazardous chemical facilities (analytical review)
Abstract
Introduction. Currently in the Russian Federation, the practice of industrial medicine does not use methods of biological monitoring of organic compounds — an addition to industrial control, which consists in regularly measuring the content of biomarkers of harmful chemicals in the body of workers.
The purpose of the study is to analyze available scientific publications and methodological documents on biomarkers of harmful organic substances, to draw conclusions about the directions for the development of methodological support for biological monitoring of organic compounds in the Russian Federation.
Material and methods. available scientific publications, methodological guidelines of Rospotrebnadzor, materials of the Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances, and foreign methodological documents, in particular from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, USA, were used.
Results. A list of the most common harmful organic substances circulating at hazardous chemical facilities, their biomarkers and methods for measuring them in biological media was compiled. An analysis of domestic and foreign hygienic standards for the content of toxicants or their markers in biological media was performed.
Limitations. The analytical review of biological monitoring methods was carried out only for organic compounds and does not include inorganic substances.
Conclusion. The analytical review made it possible to identify the following necessary methodological elements for the implementation of biological monitoring in the Russian Federation: the development of at least 9 chemical-analytical methods for determining biomarkers in the biological environments of workers, the introduction of immunochromatographic methods when conducting biological monitoring of workers to clarify the reliability of anamnesis data on attitudes towards alcohol, smoking and medications, experimental studies on the detection and identification of biomarkers of exposure to a number of organic compounds, experimental substantiation of hygienic standards for the content of 15 substances in the air of the working area.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics report.
Authors contribution:
Ukolov A.I. — concept, collection and processing of material, writing text;
Kombarova M.Yu. — collection and processing of material;
Reynyuk V.L., Barinov V.A., Radilov A.S. — editing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest
Financing. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: December 12, 2023 / Accepted: May 5, 2024 / Published: June 28, 2024
137-161
Hygienic assessment of contamination of the territory of the Vostochny cosmodrome from previous rocket and space activities
Abstract
Introduction. The relevance of the study is determined by the presence on the territory of the Amur region of a significant number of objects formed as a result of previous rocket and space activities, and the legislative consolidation of the tasks of eliminating such objects and ecological and hygienic assessment of the territory.
Material and methods. A comprehensive examination was carried out after the decommissioning and liquidation of combat launch positions (CLPs) of silo-based liquid-fueled intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) of the territory adjacent to the Vostochny cosmodrome. At former sites of silo-launching installations (SLIs), potential pollutants include residues of highly toxic and extremely dangerous components of liquid rocket fuel and their transformation products, heavy metals, arsenic, petroleum products, and benzo(a)pyrene. In an accredited testing laboratory, studies were carried out to determine the qualitative and quantitative content of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and its destruction products, heavy metals, and radionuclides in soil and vegetation.
Results. It has been shown that the main factor at former CLPs is local contamination of the soil (grounds) with components of liquid rocket fuel, petroleum products, their combustion products, heavy metal compounds and some other toxic substances. In the soils of terrestrial CLPs with group ICBMs, local contamination with UDMH, heavy metals and their compounds, and benzo(a)pyrene was found close in level to the soil MPC. Foci of contamination with zinc compounds up to a level of 3.1 MPC of soil, copper — 13.4 MPC of soil, lead — more than 70 MPC of soil, arsenic — 3.2 APC were also identified. Soil contamination with petroleum products according to median readings corresponds to background values. The total individual carcinogenic risk for the children’s population along all routes of entry of chemicals with soil at the sites of the former CLPs was 2.55E–06, for the adult population 3.28E–06, which corresponds to an acceptable level of risk, but requiring constant monitoring.
Limitations. A number of uncertainties associated with incomplete information about all possible contaminants of environmental objects, as well as a low level of sensitivity of the analytical methods used compared to reference concentrations, which can lead to an overestimation of possible exposure.
Conclusion. According to the results of the study, the local administration was recommended to organize restoration work on the former sites of SLIs after reclamation and include the point of upgrading these sites in the plan of implementation of the municipal program “Risk reduction and mitigation of the consequences of natural and technogenic emergencies, as well as ensuring the safety of the closed administrative-territorial formation “Tsiolkovsky”.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission of the opinion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
For correspondence: Artem D. Polyakov, postgraduate student of the Department of the general and military hygiene of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, researcher of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology” of the FMBA of Russia, 188663, Leningrad Region, Russian Federation. E-mail: tema.poliackow2011@yandex.ru
Author contribution:
Polyakov A.D. — collection of material and data processing, writing the text, reviewing publications on the topic of the article, concept and design of the study, editing;
Kombarova M.Yu., Radilov A.S., Alikbaeva L.A. Yakubova I.Sh., Suvorova A.V., Khurtsilava O.G. — concept and design of the study, editing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship. Conducted within the framework of the Federal Target Program “Development of cosmodromes for the period 2017–2025 in support of space activities of the Russian Federation”.
Received: December 26, 2023 / Accepted: May 5, 2024 / Published: June 28, 2024
162-170
The effect of intestinal lavage on the content of free hemoglobin in the blood in case of oral poisoning with acetic essence
Abstract
Introduction. The fight against severe hemolysis because of oral poisoning with acetic acid is one of the top priorities and has not lost its relevance.
Purpose of the study. To evaluate the effectiveness of intestinal lavage as a detoxification method for acute hemolysis associated with oral acetic acid poisoning.
Material and methods. A prospective study was carried out on 73 patients (study and comparison groups) with acetic acid poisoning (men and women aged 47 (34.0; 57.5) and 42 (32.5; 54.5) years in the corresponding comparison groups), located in 2017–2022 in the Department of acute poisoning and somatopsychiatric disorders of the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution “Research Institute of Emergency Medicine named after N.V. Sklifosovsky of the Moscow City Department of Health”. The study was preliminarily approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee (extract from protocol No. 5-16 dated November 21, 2016). Of the total number of 38 patients in the study group, within 6 hours of taking the poison as part of a complex treatment for the purpose of detoxification and correction of homeostasis disorders, a six-hour intestinal lavage (IL) was performed in a volume of 12 liters of enteral solution administered in the form of a drink or through gastric tube. The comparison group consisted of 35 patients who underwent standard therapy without IL. In both groups, the content of free hemoglobin in the blood and urine was recorded before the start and at subsequent stages of treatment.
Results. The patients tolerated IL satisfactorily; there were no reactions or complications. As a result of IL, the content of free hemoglobin in the blood decreased from the initial level of 11.2 (9.8; 12.5) mg/ml, and in the urine from 21.0 (18.2; 22.3) mg/ml. to zero in 6 (5; 7) hours. In the comparison group, the content of free hemoglobin in the blood decreased exponentially from the initial level of 12.1 (10.3; 13.4) mg/ml and in the urine from 16.1 (14.9; 18.7) mg/ml to zero for 16.2 (15.1; 18.8) hours. Thus, in the study group, hemolysis was eliminated on average 10 hours earlier than in the comparison group. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).
Limitations. The study concerned the effectiveness of IL as a method of detoxification in acute hemolysis in male and female victims of acute oral poisoning with acetic acid, the limitations of which were: nosological form — oral poisoning with acetic acid, the presence of free hemoglobin in the blood and urine, in a concentration, corresponding to severe poisoning, up to 6 hours from the moment of ingestion of the poison, patient age 47 (34.0; 57.5) and 42 (32.5; 54.5) years, volume of enteral solution 12 l for perfusion of the gastrointestinal tract during IL.
Conclusion. An analysis of the facts presented in works describing the migration of free hemoglobin in the lymphatic and circulatory systems, as well as our own experience of using IL in case of acetic acid poisoning, indicate that hemolysis does not occur inside the blood vessels, but free hemoglobin enters the blood from the lymphatic system therefore and it can not be talking about “intravascular hemolysis”, but about hemoglobinemia, which is a consequence of hemolysis of escaping blood from the arrozed vessels of the gastrointestinal tract under the influence of acetic acid, subsequent absorption of free hemoglobin into the lymph and migration with it into the circulatory system. The results of the study showed that the inclusion of IL in the treatment regimen for severe acetic acid poisoning with severe hemolysis helps to accelerate the elimination of free hemoglobin from the body by stopping the absorption of the latter from the gastrointestinal tract.
Compliance with ethical standards. The protocol of this study was approved by the local ethics committee of the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution “Research Institute for Emergency Medicine named after N.V. Sklifosovsky of the Moscow City Department of Health” No. 5-16 dated 21/11/2016.
Authors contribution:
Matkevich V.A. — the concept and design of the study, the proposed hypothesis of hemolysis, writing text;
Potshveriya M.M. — development of the design of the study and its organization;
Stolbova N.E. — collection, systematization, statistical processing and analysis of data;
Ilyashenko K.K., Belova M.V. — discussion of the results and preparation of printed materials on the use of intestinal lavage in poisoning with corrosive substances.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.
Funding. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: January 25, 2024 / Accepted: May 5, 2024 / Published: June 28, 2024
171-178
Characteristics of negative manifestations of naphthyl when contained in the water of reservoirs
Abstract
Introduction. In the process of production, storage and application of a new environmentally friendly hydrocarbon fuel – naphthyl, intended for use in the Soyuz and Angara family of launch vehicles, its ingress into the water of reservoirs is not excluded, which determines the mandatory assessment of the danger of its single contamination of this environmental object.
Material and methods. A sample of naphthyl rocket fuel (RG–1), CAS number 94114-58-6, with a specific density of d420 = 830.0 kg/m3 was used as an object of research. The brutta formula of naphthyl is CI2,79H24,52. It is a colorless (or slightly yellowish) oily liquid with a characteristic odor of petroleum products. It is practically insoluble in water.
Results. It was found that the ecotoxicant content in water in concentration 10.0 mg/l led to a change in its transparency, the appearance of color and odor of petroleum products. The indicated naphthyl concentration is determined as a threshold for organoleptic harmfulness. During the study of the effect of the toxicant on the general sanitary regime of reservoirs, in the absence of changes in the indicators of biochemical oxygen consumption, its negative effect on nitrification processes and saprophytic microflora was revealed. The threshold concentration of the substance according to the general sanitary indicator of harmfulness is 5.0 mg/l. With a single intragastric injection to male rats, the tested xenobiotic caused a significant increase in heart rate and a change in a number of hematological parameters. The threshold for a single general toxic effect of naphthyl is 20.0 g/kg.
Limitations. The identified features of naphthyl behavior must be taken into account when it once pollutes the water of reservoirs (in case of an emergency). However, the data obtained are insufficient to substantiate the hygienic standard of the compound in the water of water bodies.
Conclusion. The results of the experiments indicate that a single ingress of naphthyl into the water represents an ecological and toxicological hazard, registered according to three basic signs of harmfulness, which are taken into account when justifying its maximum permissible concentration in the water of reservoirs.
Compliance with ethical standards. The studies were performed in accordance with the requirements of proper laboratory practice.
Authors contribution:
Maslennikov A.A. — research concept and design, analysis of results, writing text;
Demidova S.A. — planning and execution of research;
Svyatkina M.D. — statistical data processing;
Novikova O.N., Erunova N.V., Kucherskoy S.A., Zemlyanoj A.V. — editing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgment. The study was conducted within the framework of the State Contract on the topic “Experimental studies on the justification of the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) of naphthyl in the air of the working area, in the water of water bodies of economic and drinking and cultural and household water use, in the soil of populated areas and agricultural lands”.
Received: January 19, 2024 / Accepted: May 5, 2024 / Published: June 28, 2024
179-186
Research methods
Development and validation of an immunochromatographic test system for the determination of microcystins in water and tissues of freshwater fish
Abstract
Introduction. Certain genera of cyanobacteria produce hepatotoxins associated with the group of microcystins (MCs). During periods of water blooms, cases of poisoning and death of fish, birds, wild and domestic animals, as well as humans, associated with the consumption of water, blue-green algae or other aquatic organisms contaminated with MC, have been recorded. Timely detection of MC in water reservoirs, in drinking water and in hydrobionts is necessary for carrying out preventive measures to prevent poisoning of people and animals with microcystins.
Results. An immunochromatographic test system has been developed for the determination of MC in drinking water, fresh water and fish tissues. When using the visual method of recording the results, the detection limit of the test system for determining MC-LR was no more than 0.1 ng/ml for drinking water and no more than 0.5 ng/ml for river and lake water, which is lower than maximum allowable concentration for MC-LR established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Rospotrebnadzor. When analyzing fish tissues, the detection limit of the test system was no more than 3 ng/g tissue. The use of an instrumental method for recording results led to a 2–3-fold decrease in the minimum detectable concentration of MC-LR. The test system allowed semi-quantitative determination of MC content in water and fish tissues and detected different types of MC and the structurally similar hepatotoxin nodularin with varying efficiency.
Limitations. The test system does not allow the detection of some types of MC, but it identifies the most widespread and dangerous types, including MC-LR.
Conclusion. The developed test system can be used to monitor the content of MC in drinking water, water from open reservoirs and in fish tissues.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Authors contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.
Conflict of interest. The author declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The work was carried out in accordance with the research plans of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Scientific Center “Signal” and the Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Federal Research Center “PSCBI RAS”.
Received: December 18, 2023 / Accepted: May 5, 2024 / Published: June 28, 2024
187-194
Obituaries
195-196
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 81728 от 11 декабря 2013.