Углекислотная конверсия метана: основы низкоуглеродной стратегии получения синтез-газа и водорода (обзор)

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Abstract

Процесс сухого риформинга метана, или углекислотной конверсии метана, — один из способов утилизации углекислого газа и получения синтез-газа. Это относительно новый процесс, представляющий интерес не только с экологической, но и с экономической точки зрения. На его основе возможно создание низкоуглеродных технологий производства как синтез-газа, так и чистого водорода, что соответствует принятой стратегии по уменьшению эмиссии парниковых газов в атмосферу. Однако его реализации в промышленности препятствует ряд трудностей, основная из которых — быстрая дезактивация катализаторов. В данном обзоре проводится сравнительный анализ сухого риформинга метана и паровой конверсии метана как способов получения водорода, обсуждаются причины потери катализатором активности, роли активной фазы и носителя в стабильности катализаторов. Также описываются методы, позволяющие влиять на характеристики катализаторов, и формулируются требования для разрабатываемых современных катализаторов углекислотной конверсии метана.

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M. Д. Крючков

Московский государственный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова

Author for correspondence.
Email: mixail.kryuchkov.97@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0009-9931-2867

химический факультет

Russian Federation, 119991, ГСП-1, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, стр. 3

Л. A. Куликов

Московский государственный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова

Email: mixail.kryuchkov.97@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7665-5404

химический факультет, к.х.н.

Russian Federation, 119991, ГСП-1, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, стр. 3

A. Л. Максимов

Московский государственный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова; Институт нефтехимического синтеза им. А. В. Топчиева РАН

Email: mixail.kryuchkov.97@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9297-4950

химический факультет, чл.-корр., д.х.н., проф.

Russian Federation, 119991, ГСП-1, г. Москва, Ленинские горы, д. 1, стр. 3; 119991, ГСП-1, г. Москва, Ленинский пр., д. 29, стр. 2

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Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
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1. JATS XML
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2. Fig. 1. Composition of synthesis gas obtained using various methane processing technologies. Shaded with diagonal stripes - with CO2 recycling.

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3. Fig. 2. Simplified diagram of hydrogen production from methane using steam and carbon dioxide conversion of methane.

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4. Fig. 3. Equilibrium content of methane depending on temperature at a pressure of 1 atm and n(CH4 + CO2) = 2 mol [22].

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5. Fig. 4. Simplified mechanism of the process of carbon dioxide conversion of methane.

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6. Fig. 5. Schematic representation of different methods of CO2 adsorption on the nickel surface. a — adsorption only by the Ni—C bond, b — adsorption only by the Ni—O bond, c — mixed adsorption by the Ni—C and Ni—O bonds (adapted from [29]).

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7. Fig. 6. Types of carbon and temperatures of their formation and reduction (from data [23]).

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8. Fig. 7. Scheme of formation of different types of carbon [39].

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9. Fig. 8. Scheme of the origin and growth of filamentary carbon on Ni particles (from data [34]).

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10. Fig. 9. TEM micrograph of filamentary carbon [50].

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11. Fig. 10. Various methods for improving the stability of catalysts. 1 — no filamentary carbon is formed on smaller particles; 2 — use of Lewis-basic supports; 3 — use of oxygen-donor supports; 4 — use of additives that block carbon growth centers and its incorporation into Ni (adapted from [81]).

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12. Fig. 11. Schematic mechanism of the reaction of carbon dioxide conversion of methane on a Ni–Fe catalyst and the results of energy dispersive analysis of the catalyst before and after the reaction. Red atoms are Fe, green ones are Ni [100].

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13. Fig. 12. The amount of carbon formed in 5 hours of reaction at 800°C (a) and the dependence of the reaction rate on temperature (b) for the Ni–γ-Al2O3 catalyst modified with the basic oxides Na2O, K2O, CaO and MgO (from data [134]).

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