Reactive Arthritis in Children: Case Report, Narrative Review and Proposed Therapy


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Reactive arthritis is an acute inflammatory aseptic arthritis that is preceded by an infectious process in genetically predisposed individuals. It has been associated with gastrointestinal or genitourinary infection. Reactive arthritis is rare in children. In this review, we present two index cases that need biologic treatment followed by a thorough review of reactive arthritis in children and adolescents with proposed treatment algorithm.

About the authors

Milad Alshaya

Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Nouf Almutairi

Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Abdulrahman Alrasheed

Pediatric Department, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

Ihtifal Albanaqi

Pediatric Department, King Fahad Medical City

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Ronald Laxer

Division of Rheumatology, Rheumatology Department, The Hospital for Sick Children, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Toronto

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Abdullah Alhammad

Department of Medical Imaging, King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs

Email: info@benthamscience.net

References

  1. Junghanns O. Another case of urethritis non gonorrhoica and septic general disease: A contribution to spirochaetosis arthritica. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1918; 44: 1304-5. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1134810
  2. Flores D, Marquez J, Garza M, Espinoza LR. Reactive arthritis: Newer developments. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2003; 29(1): 37-59. doi: 10.1016/S0889-857X(02)00081-9
  3. Fan P, Yu D. Reiter’s syndrome. In: Kelley WN, Harris ED, Ruddy S, Sledge C, Eds. Textbook of rheumatology. (4th ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company 1993; pp. 961-73.
  4. Reiter H. Ueber eine bisher unerkannte spirochaetenin- fektion. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1916; 42: 1535-6. doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1135542
  5. Singsen BH, Bernstein BH, Koster-King KG, Glovsky MM, Hanson V. Reiter’s syndrome in childhood. Arthritis Rheum 1977; 20(2) (Suppl.): 402-7. PMID: 263918
  6. Lockie GN, Hunder GG. Reiter’s syndrome in children. A case report and review. Arthritis Rheum 1971; 14(6): 767-72. doi: 10.1002/art.1780140614 PMID: 5135795
  7. Rosenberg AM, Petty RE. Reiter’s disease in children. Am J Dis Child 1979; 133(4): 394-8. PMID: 373419
  8. Cuttica RJ, Scheines EJ, Garay SM, Romanelli MC, Maldonado Cocco JA. Juvenile onset Reiter’s syndrome. A retrospective study of 26 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992; 10(3): 285-8. PMID: 1582074
  9. Conaglen J, Grennan DM, Signal T, McArthur JE, Lucasi R, Palmer DG. Juvenile Reiter’s syndrome. Aust N Z J Med 1979; 9(2): 193-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1979.tb04328.x PMID: 287465
  10. Thomas DG, Roberton DM. Reiter’s syndrome in an adolescent girl. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83(3): 339-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb18110.x PMID: 8038544
  11. Friis J. Reiter’s disease with childhood onset having special reference to HLA B27. Report of a case and a review. Scand J Rheumatol 1980; 9(4): 250-2. doi: 10.3109/03009748009112358 PMID: 6969934
  12. Bauman C, Cron RQ, Sherry DD, Francis JS. Reiter syndrome initially misdiagnosed as Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 1996; 128(3): 366-9. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70283-4 PMID: 8774506
  13. Carter JD. Reactive arthritis: Defined etiologies, emerging pathophysiology, and unresolved treatment. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006; 20(4): 827-47. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2006.09.004 PMID: 17118292
  14. Bentaleb I, Ben Abdelghani K, Rostom S. etal. Reactive arthritis: Update. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep 2020; 1-9.
  15. Taurog JD. The role of bacteria in HLA-B27-associated reactive arthritis. Cliniguide Rheum 1995; 5: 1-8.
  16. Finger DR, Neubauer JV. Reactive arthritis following Clostridium difficile colitis in a 3-year-old patient. J Clin Rheumatol 1997; 3(2): 102-4. doi: 10.1097/00124743-199704000-00007 PMID: 19078131
  17. Cron RQ, Gordon PV. Reactive arthritis to clostridium difficile in a child. West J Med 1997; 166(6): 419-21. PMID: 9217461
  18. Putterman C, Rubinow A. Reactive arthritis associated with Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1993; 22(6): 420-6. doi: 10.1016/S0049-0172(05)80033-2 PMID: 8342048
  19. Horton DB, Strom BL, Putt ME, Rose CD, Sherry DD, Sammons JS. Epidemiology of clostridium difficle infection-associated reactive arthritis in children. An underdiagnosed, potentially morbid condition. JAMA Pediatr 2016; 170(7): e160217. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0217 PMID: 27182697
  20. Braun J, Kingsley G, van der Heijde D, Sieper J. On the difficulties of establishing a consensus on the definition of and diagnostic investigations for reactive arthritis. Results and discussion of a questionnaire prepared for the 4th International Workshop on Reactive Arthritis, Berlin, Germany, July 3-6, 1999. J Rheumatol 2000; 27(9): 2185-92. PMID: 10990232
  21. Denardo BA, Tucker LB, Miller LC, Szer IS, Schaller JG. Demography of a regional pediatric rheumatology patient population. J Rheumatol 1994; 21(8): 1553-61. PMID: 7983664
  22. Symmons DP, Jones M, Osborne J, Sills J, Southwood TR, Woo P. Pediatric rheumatology in the United Kingdom: Data from the British pediatric rheumatology group national diagnostic register. J Rheumatol 1996; 23(11): 1975-80. PMID: 8923378
  23. Malleson PN, Fung MY, Rosenberg AM. The incidence of pediatric rheumatic diseases: Results from the Canadian Pediatric Rheumatology Association Disease Registry. J Rheumatol 1996; 23(11): 1981-7. PMID: 8923379
  24. Gupta L, Naveen R, Ahmed S, et al. Juvenile reactive arthritis and other spondyloarthritides of childhood: A 28-year experience from India. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2021; 32(4): 338-44. doi: 10.31138/mjr.32.4.338 PMID: 35128326
  25. Bowness P. HLA-B27. Annu Rev Immunol 2015; 33(1): 29-48. doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112110 PMID: 25861975
  26. Colbert RA, Navid F, Gill T. The role of HLA-B*27 in spondyloarthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2017; 31(6): 797-815. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2018.07.012 PMID: 30509441
  27. Sorrentino R, Böckmann RA, Fiorillo MT. HLA-B27 and antigen presentation: At the crossroads between immune defense and autoimmunity. Mol Immunol 2014; 57(1): 22-7. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.017 PMID: 23916069
  28. Hermann E, Meyer zum Büschenfelde K-H, Fleischer B, Yu DTY. HLA-B27-restricted CD8 T cells derived from synovial fluids of patients with reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Lancet 1993; 342(8872): 646-50. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91760-J PMID: 8103147
  29. Appel H, Kuon W, Kuhne M, et al. Use of HLA-B27 tetramers to identify low-frequency antigen-specific T cells in Chlamydia-triggered reactive arthritis. Arthritis Res 2004; 6(6): R521-34. doi: 10.1186/ar1221 PMID: 15535830
  30. Wong-Baeza I, Ridley A, Shaw J, et al. KIR3DL2 binds to HLA-B27 dimers and free H chains more strongly than other HLA class I and promotes the expansion of T cells in ankylosing spondylitis. J Immunol 2013; 190(7): 3216-24. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202926 PMID: 23440420
  31. Colbert RA. HLA-B27 misfolding: A solution to the spondyloarthropathy conundrum? Mol Med Today 2000; 6(6): 224-30. doi: 10.1016/S1357-4310(00)01699-3 PMID: 10840380
  32. Colbert RA, Tran TM, Layh-Schmitt G. HLA-B27 misfolding and ankylosing spondylitis. Mol Immunol 2014; 57(1): 44-51. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.07.013 PMID: 23993278
  33. Colbert RA, DeLay ML, Layh-Schmitt G, Sowders DP. HLA-B27 misfolding and spondyloarthropathies. Prion 2009; 3(1): 15-26. doi: 10.4161/pri.3.1.8072 PMID: 19363299
  34. Childs SG. Reactive arthritis. Orthop Nurs 2004; 23(4): 267-73. doi: 10.1097/00006416-200407000-00013 PMID: 15379178
  35. Katsicas MM, Russo R. Biologic agents in juvenile spondyloarthropathies. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2016; 14(1): 17. doi: 10.1186/s12969-016-0076-6 PMID: 26968522
  36. Manasson J, Shen N, Garcia Ferrer HR, et al. Gut microbiota perturbations in reactive arthritis and postinfectious spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70(2): 242-54. doi: 10.1002/art.40359 PMID: 29073348
  37. Margileth AM. Reiter’s syndrome in children: Case report and review of literature. Clin Pediatr 1962; 1(3): 148-51. doi: 10.1177/000992286200100307 PMID: 13933010
  38. Zivony D, Nocton J, Wortmann D, Esterly N. Juvenile Reiter’s syndrome: A report of four cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38(1): 32-7. doi: 10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70535-3 PMID: 9448202
  39. Zewi M. Morbut rieteri. Acta Ophthalmol 1947; 25(1): 47-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1947.tb07544.x
  40. Fischel JD, Lipton J. Acute anterior uveitis in juvenile Reiter’s syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 1996; 15(1): 83-5. doi: 10.1007/BF02231693 PMID: 8929784
  41. Jacobs AG. A case of Reiter’s syndrome in childhood. BMJ 1961; 2(5245): 155. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5245.155 PMID: 13718550
  42. Willkens RF, Arnett FC, Bitter T, et al. Reiter’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1981; 24(6): 844-9. doi: 10.1002/art.1780240612 PMID: 7247978
  43. Manimegalai N, Rajamurugan PSA, Rajendran CP, et al. Childhood reactive arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol 2008; 14(5): 292-3. doi: 10.1097/RHU.0b013e318188be96 PMID: 18824921
  44. Kanakoudi-Tsakalidou F, Pardalos G, Pratsidou-Gertsi P, Kansouzidou-Kanakoudi A, Tsangaropoulou-Stinga H. Persistent or severe course of reactive arthritis following Salmonella enteritidis infection. A prospective study of 9 cases. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 27(6): 431-4. doi: 10.1080/030097498442253 PMID: 9855213
  45. Liao CH, Huang JL, Yeh KW. Juvenile Reiter’s syndrome: A case report. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2004; 37(6): 379-81. PMID: 15599472
  46. Wu IB, Schwartz RA. Reiter’s syndrome: The classic triad and more. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 59(1): 113-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.047 PMID: 18436339
  47. Gladman DD. Clinical aspects of the spondyloarthropathies. Am J Med Sci 1998; 316(4): 234-8. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9629(15)40413-6 PMID: 9766484
  48. Ansell BM. Reactive arthritis/Reiter’s syndrome in children. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994; 12(6): 581-2. PMID: 7895389
  49. Reece RJ, Canete JD, Parsons WJ, Emery P, Veale DJ. Distinct vascular patterns of early synovitis in psoriatic, reactive, and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42(7): 1481-4. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199907)42:73.0.CO;2-E PMID: 10403277
  50. Jones RA. Reiter’s disease after Salmonella typhimurium enteritis. BMJ 1977; 1(6073): 1391. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6073.1391 PMID: 324575
  51. Hülsemann JL, Zeidler H. Diagnostic evaluation of classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis and reactive arthritis in an early synovitis outpatient clinic. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58(5): 278-80. doi: 10.1136/ard.58.5.278 PMID: 10225811
  52. Hunter T, Harding GKM, Kaprove RE, Schroeder ML. Fecal carriage of variousKlebsiellaandEnterobacter species in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 1981; 24(1): 106-8. doi: 10.1002/art.1780240122 PMID: 7470165
  53. Pennisi M, Perdue J, Roulston T, Nicholas J, Schmidt E, Rolfs J. An overview of reactive arthritis. JAAPA 2019; 32(7): 25-8. doi: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000558320.47868.2f PMID: 31169570
  54. Li CW, Ma JJ, Yin J, Liu L, Hu J. Reiter’s syndrome in children: A clinical analysis of 22 cases. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2010; 48(3): 212-5. PMID: 20426959
  55. Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Weisman MH, et al. Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of reactive arthritis (Reiter’s syndrome). A department of veterans affairs cooperative study. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39(12): 2021-7. doi: 10.1002/art.1780391211 PMID: 8961907
  56. Brinster A, Guillot X, Prati C, Wendling D. Anti-TNF treatment of reactive arthritis. A monocentric experience. Joint Bone Spine 2017; 84(2): 237-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.02.022 PMID: 27236263
  57. Frydén A, Bengtsson A, Foberg U, et al. Early antibiotic treatment of reactive arthritis associated with enteric infections: Clinical and serological study. BMJ 1990; 301(6764): 1299-302. doi: 10.1136/bmj.301.6764.1299 PMID: 2271852
  58. Laasila K, Laasonen L, Leirisalo-Repo M. Antibiotic treatment and long term prognosis of reactive arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62(7): 655-8. doi: 10.1136/ard.62.7.655 PMID: 12810429
  59. Amor B, Santos RS, Nahal R, Listrat V, Dougados M. Predictive factors for the longterm outcome of spondyloarthropathies. J Rheumatol 1994; 21(10): 1883-7. PMID: 7837155
  60. Yıldız M, Haşlak F, Adroviç A, Şahin S, Barut K, Kasapçopur Ö. Juvenile spondyloartropathies. Eur J Rheumatol 2022; 9(1): 42-9. doi: 10.5152/eurjrheum.2021.20235 PMID: 34101576

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2024 Bentham Science Publishers