Global Emergence of SARS-CoV2 Infection and Scientific Interventions to Contain its Spread


如何引用文章

全文:

详细

The global pandemic caused by COVID-19 posed a significant challenge to public health, necessitating rapid scientific interventions to tackle the spread of infection. The review discusses the key areas of research on COVID-19 including viral genomics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics. The genome sequencing of the virus facilitated the tracking of its evolution, transmission dynamics, and identification of variants. Epidemiological studies have provided insights into disease spread, risk factors, and the impact of public health infrastructure and social distancing measures. Investigations of the viral pathogenesis have elucidated the mechanisms underlying immune responses and severe manifestations including the long-term effects of COVID-19. Overall, the article provides an updated overview of the diagnostic methods developed for SARS-CoV-2 and discusses their strengths, limitations, and appropriate utilization in different clinical and public health settings. Furthermore, therapeutic approaches including antiviral drugs, immunomodulatory therapies, and repurposed medications have been investigated to alleviate disease severity and improve patient outcomes. Through a comprehensive analysis of these scientific efforts, the review provides an overview of the advancements made in understanding and tackling SARS-CoV-2, while underscoring the need for continued research to address the evolving challenges posed by this global health crisis.

作者简介

Himanshu Ajmera

Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Sudarshan Lakhawat

Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Naveen Malik

Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

Akhilesh Kumar

Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Jasvinder Bhatti

Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Vikram Kumar

Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Himanshu Gogoi

, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute,

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Sunil Jaswal

Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University Summer Hill,

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Sanjeev Chandel

Department of Nursing, GHG College of Nursing Rajkot Road,

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Pushpender Sharma

Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

参考

  1. (a) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 38. 2019. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200227-sitrep-38-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=9f98940c_2; (b) Zheng, J SARS-CoV-2: An emerging coronavirus that causes a global threat. Int. J. Biol. Sci, 2020, 16(10), 1678-1685. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45053 PMID: 32226285
  2. Su, S.; Wong, G.; Shi, W.; Liu, J.; Lai, A.C.K.; Zhou, J.; Liu, W.; Bi, Y.; Gao, G.F. Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. Trends Microbiol., 2016, 24(6), 490-502. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003 PMID: 27012512
  3. Zhong, N.S.; Zheng, B.J.; Li, Y.M.; Poon, L.L.M.; Xie, Z.H.; Chan, K.H.; Li, P.H.; Tan, S.Y.; Chang, Q.; Xie, J.P.; Liu, X.Q.; Xu, J.; Li, D.X.; Yuen, K.Y.; Peiris, J.S.M.; Guan, Y. Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, in February, 2003. Lancet, 2003, 362(9393), 1353-1358. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14630-2 PMID: 14585636
  4. Drosten, C.; Günther, S.; Preiser, W.; van der Werf, S.; Brodt, H.R.; Becker, S.; Rabenau, H.; Panning, M.; Kolesnikova, L.; Fouchier, R.A.M.; Berger, A.; Burguière, A.M.; Cinatl, J.; Eickmann, M.; Escriou, N.; Grywna, K.; Kramme, S.; Manuguerra, J.C.; Müller, S.; Rickerts, V.; Stürmer, M.; Vieth, S.; Klenk, H.D.; Osterhaus, A.D.M.E.; Schmitz, H.; Doerr, H.W. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 348(20), 1967-1976. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030747 PMID: 12690091
  5. Ksiazek, T.G.; Erdman, D.; Goldsmith, C.S.; Zaki, S.R.; Peret, T.; Emery, S.; Tong, S.; Urbani, C.; Comer, J.A.; Lim, W.; Rollin, P.E.; Dowell, S.F.; Ling, A.E.; Humphrey, C.D.; Shieh, W.J.; Guarner, J.; Paddock, C.D.; Rota, P.; Fields, B.; DeRisi, J.; Yang, J.Y.; Cox, N.; Hughes, J.M.; LeDuc, J.W.; Bellini, W.J.; Anderson, L.J. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med., 2003, 348(20), 1953-1966. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030781 PMID: 12690092
  6. (a) Fouchier, R.A.M.; Kuiken, T.; Schutten, M.; van Amerongen, G.; van Doornum, G.J.J.; van den Hoogen, B.G.; Peiris, M.; Lim, W.; Stöhr, K.; Osterhaus, A.D.M.E. Koch’s postulates fulfilled for SARS virus. Nature, 2003, 423(6937), 240.; (b) ) C., Rahul; H.K., Avathi; S.K., Sushanth; B.G., Reddy; D.P., Thammisetty; G.V., Nagaraju A Review on recent trends in corona virus disease prevention and treatment methods and research directions for future. Eur. Chem. Bull., 2023, 12(1), 786-807. doi: 10.1038/423240a PMID: 12748632
  7. Zaki, A.M.; van Boheemen, S.; Bestebroer, T.M.; Osterhaus, A.D.M.E.; Fouchier, R.A.M. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2012, 367(19), 1814-1820. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1211721 PMID: 23075143
  8. Zhu, N.; Zhang, D.; Wang, W.; Li, X.; Yang, B.; Song, J.; Zhao, X.; Huang, B.; Shi, W.; Lu, R.; Niu, P.; Zhan, F.; Ma, X.; Wang, D.; Xu, W.; Wu, G.; Gao, G.F.; Tan, W. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 382(8), 727-733. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001017 PMID: 31978945
  9. Zhou, P.; Yang, X.L.; Wang, X.G.; Hu, B.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, W.; Si, H-R.; Zhu, Y.; Li, B.; Huang, C-L.; Chen, H-D.; Chen, J.; Luo, Y.; Guo, H.; Jiang, R-D.; Liu, M-Q.; Chen, Y.; Shen, X-R.; Wang, X.; Zheng, X-S.; Zhao, K.; Chen, Q-J.; Deng, F.; Liu, L-L.; Yan, B.; Zhan, F-X.; Wang, Y-Y.; Xiao, G-F.; Shi, Z-L. Addendum: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 2020, 588(7836), E6. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2951-z
  10. Lu, R.; Zhao, X.; Li, J.; Niu, P.; Yang, B.; Wu, H.; Wang, W.; Song, H.; Huang, B.; Zhu, N.; Bi, Y.; Ma, X.; Zhan, F.; Wang, L.; Hu, T.; Zhou, H.; Hu, Z.; Zhou, W.; Zhao, L.; Chen, J.; Meng, Y.; Wang, J.; Lin, Y.; Yuan, J.; Xie, Z.; Ma, J.; Liu, W.J.; Wang, D.; Xu, W.; Holmes, E.C.; Gao, G.F.; Wu, G.; Chen, W.; Shi, W.; Tan, W. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: Implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet, 2020, 395(10224), 565-574. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8 PMID: 32007145
  11. Chan, J.F.W.; Kok, K.H.; Zhu, Z.; Chu, H.; To, K.K.W.; Yuan, S.; Yuen, K.Y. Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 2020, 9(1), 221-236. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902 PMID: 31987001
  12. Chen, L.; Liu, W.; Zhang, Q.; Xu, K.; Ye, G.; Wu, W.; Sun, Z.; Liu, F.; Wu, K.; Zhong, B.; Mei, Y.; Zhang, W.; Chen, Y.; Li, Y.; Shi, M.; Lan, K.; Liu, Y. RNA based mNGS approach identifies a novel human coronavirus from two individual pneumonia cases in 2019 Wuhan outbreak. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 2020, 9(1), 313-319. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1725399 PMID: 32020836
  13. Chan, J.F.W.; Yuan, S.; Kok, K.H.; To, K.K.W.; Chu, H.; Yang, J.; Xing, F.; Liu, J.; Yip, C.C.Y.; Poon, R.W.S.; Tsoi, H.W.; Lo, S.K.F.; Chan, K.H.; Poon, V.K.M.; Chan, W.M.; Ip, J.D.; Cai, J.P.; Cheng, V.C.C.; Chen, H.; Hui, C.K.M.; Yuen, K.Y. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223), 514-523. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9 PMID: 31986261
  14. Li, Q.; Guan, X.; Wu, P.; Wang, X.; Zhou, L.; Tong, Y.; Ren, R.; Leung, K.S.M.; Lau, E.H.Y.; Wong, J.Y.; Xing, X.; Xiang, N.; Wu, Y.; Li, C.; Chen, Q.; Li, D.; Liu, T.; Zhao, J.; Liu, M.; Tu, W.; Chen, C.; Jin, L.; Yang, R.; Wang, Q.; Zhou, S.; Wang, R.; Liu, H.; Luo, Y.; Liu, Y.; Shao, G.; Li, H.; Tao, Z.; Yang, Y.; Deng, Z.; Liu, B.; Ma, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, G.; Lam, T.T.Y.; Wu, J.T.; Gao, G.F.; Cowling, B.J.; Yang, B.; Leung, G.M.; Feng, Z. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 382(13), 1199-1207. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 PMID: 31995857
  15. Huang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, X.; Ren, L.; Zhao, J.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Fan, G.; Xu, J.; Gu, X.; Cheng, Z.; Yu, T.; Xia, J.; Wei, Y.; Wu, W.; Xie, X.; Yin, W.; Li, H.; Liu, M.; Xiao, Y.; Gao, H.; Guo, L.; Xie, J.; Wang, G.; Jiang, R.; Gao, Z.; Jin, Q.; Wang, J.; Cao, B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223), 497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 PMID: 31986264
  16. Xu, X.; Chen, P.; Wang, J.; Feng, J.; Zhou, H.; Li, X.; Zhong, W.; Hao, P. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci. China Life Sci., 2020, 63(3), 457-460. doi: 10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5 PMID: 32009228
  17. Guan, Y.; Zheng, B.J.; He, Y.Q.; Liu, X.L.; Zhuang, Z.X.; Cheung, C.L.; Luo, S.W.; Li, P.H.; Zhang, L.J.; Guan, Y.J.; Butt, K.M.; Wong, K.L.; Chan, K.W.; Lim, W.; Shortridge, K.F.; Yuen, K.Y.; Peiris, J.S.M.; Poon, L.L.M. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science, 2003, 302(5643), 276-278. doi: 10.1126/science.1087139 PMID: 12958366
  18. Wang, M.; Yan, M.; Xu, H.; Liang, W.; Kan, B.; Zheng, B.; Chen, H.; Zheng, H.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, E.; Wang, H.; Ye, J.; Li, G.; Li, M.; Cui, Z.; Liu, Y.F.; Guo, R.T.; Liu, X.N.; Zhan, L.H.; Zhou, D.H.; Zhao, A.; Hai, R.; Yu, D.; Guan, Y.; Xu, J. SARS-CoV infection in a restaurant from palm civet. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2005, 11(12), 1860-1865. doi: 10.3201/eid1112.041293 PMID: 16485471
  19. Song, H.D.; Tu, C.C.; Zhang, G.W.; Wang, S.Y.; Zheng, K.; Lei, L.C.; Chen, Q.X.; Gao, Y.W.; Zhou, H.Q.; Xiang, H.; Zheng, H.J.; Chern, S.W.W.; Cheng, F.; Pan, C.M.; Xuan, H.; Chen, S.J.; Luo, H.M.; Zhou, D.H.; Liu, Y.F.; He, J.F.; Qin, P.Z.; Li, L.H.; Ren, Y.Q.; Liang, W.J.; Yu, Y.D.; Anderson, L.; Wang, M.; Xu, R.H.; Wu, X.W.; Zheng, H.Y.; Chen, J.D.; Liang, G.; Gao, Y.; Liao, M.; Fang, L.; Jiang, L.Y.; Li, H.; Chen, F.; Di, B.; He, L.J.; Lin, J.Y.; Tong, S.; Kong, X.; Du, L.; Hao, P.; Tang, H.; Bernini, A.; Yu, X.J.; Spiga, O.; Guo, Z.M.; Pan, H.Y.; He, W.Z.; Manuguerra, J.C.; Fontanet, A.; Danchin, A.; Niccolai, N.; Li, Y.X.; Wu, C.I.; Zhao, G.P. Cross-host evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in palm civet and human. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2005, 102(7), 2430-2435. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0409608102 PMID: 15695582
  20. Shi, Z.; Hu, Z. A review of studies on animal reservoirs of the SARS coronavirus. Virus Res., 2008, 133(1), 74-87. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.03.012 PMID: 17451830
  21. Li, W.; Shi, Z.; Yu, M.; Ren, W.; Smith, C.; Epstein, J.H.; Wang, H.; Crameri, G.; Hu, Z.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, J.; McEachern, J.; Field, H.; Daszak, P.; Eaton, B.T.; Zhang, S.; Wang, L.F. Bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. Science, 2005, 310(5748), 676-679. doi: 10.1126/science.1118391 PMID: 16195424
  22. Lau, S.K.P.; Woo, P.C.Y.; Li, K.S.M.; Huang, Y.; Tsoi, H.W.; Wong, B.H.L.; Wong, S.S.Y.; Leung, S.Y.; Chan, K.H.; Yuen, K.Y. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in Chinese horseshoe bats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 2005, 102(39), 14040-14045. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0506735102 PMID: 16169905
  23. Ge, X.Y.; Li, J.L.; Yang, X.L.; Chmura, A.A.; Zhu, G.; Epstein, J.H.; Mazet, J.K.; Hu, B.; Zhang, W.; Peng, C.; Zhang, Y.J.; Luo, C.M.; Tan, B.; Wang, N.; Zhu, Y.; Crameri, G.; Zhang, S.Y.; Wang, L.F.; Daszak, P.; Shi, Z.L. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature, 2013, 503(7477), 535-538. doi: 10.1038/nature12711 PMID: 24172901
  24. Hu, B.; Zeng, L.P.; Yang, X.L.; Ge, X.Y.; Zhang, W.; Li, B.; Xie, J.Z.; Shen, X.R.; Zhang, Y.Z.; Wang, N.; Luo, D.S.; Zheng, X.S.; Wang, M.N.; Daszak, P.; Wang, L.F.; Cui, J.; Shi, Z.L. Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus. PLoS Pathog., 2017, 13(11), e1006698. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698 PMID: 29190287
  25. Wu, F.; Zhao, S.; Yu, B.; Chen, Y.M.; Wang, W.; Song, Z.G.; Hu, Y.; Tao, Z.W.; Tian, J.H.; Pei, Y.Y.; Yuan, M.L.; Zhang, Y.L.; Dai, F.H.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Q.M.; Zheng, J.J.; Xu, L.; Holmes, E.C.; Zhang, Y.Z. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 2020, 579(7798), 265-269. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3 PMID: 32015508
  26. Jiang, S.; Du, L.; Shi, Z. An emerging coronavirus causing pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China: Calling for developing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 2020, 9(1), 275-277. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1723441 PMID: 32005086
  27. Wan, Y.; Shang, J.; Graham, R.; Baric, R.S.; Li, F. Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan: An analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS. J. Virol., 2020, 94(7), e00127-20. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00127-20 PMID: 31996437
  28. Giovanetti, M.; Benedetti, F.; Campisi, G.; Ciccozzi, A.; Fabris, S.; Ceccarelli, G.; Tambone, V.; Caruso, A.; Angeletti, S.; Zella, D.; Ciccozzi, M. Evolution patterns of SARS-CoV-2: Snapshot on its genome variants. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2021, 538, 88-91. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.102 PMID: 33199021
  29. Galloway, S.E.; Paul, P.; MacCannell, D.R.; Johansson, M.A.; Brooks, J.T.; MacNeil, A.; Slayton, R.B.; Tong, S.; Silk, B.J.; Armstrong, G.L.; Biggerstaff, M.; Dugan, V.G. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage - United States, December 29, 2020-January 12, 2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 2021, 70(3), 95-99. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7003e2 PMID: 33476315
  30. (a) Davies, N.G.; Abbott, S.; Barnard, R.C.; Jarvis, C.I.; Kucharski, A.J.; Munday, J.D.; Pearson, C.A.B.; Russell, T.W.; Tully, D.C.; Washburne, A.D.; Wenseleers, T.; Gimma, A.; Waites, W.; Wong, K.L.M.; van Zandvoort, K.; Silverman, J.D.; Diaz-Ordaz, K.; Keogh, R.; Eggo, R.M.; Funk, S.; Jit, M.; Atkins, K.E.; Edmunds, W.J. Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England. Science, 2021, 372(6538), eabg3055. doi: 10.1126/science.abg3055 PMID: 33658326; (b) Hoteit, R.; Yassine, H.M Biological properties of SARS-CoV- -2 variants: Epidemiological impact and clinical consequences Vaccines, 2022, 10(6), 919. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10060919
  31. Walensky, R.P.; Walke, H.T.; Fauci, A.S. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the united states-challenges and opportunities. JAMA, 2021, 325(11), 1037-1038. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.2294 PMID: 33595644
  32. Wu, K.; Werner, A.P.; Moliva, J.I.; Koch, M.; Choi, A.; Stewart-Jones, G.B.E.; Bennett, H.; Boyoglu-Barnum, S.; Shi, W.; Graham, B.S.; Carfi, A.; Corbett, K.S.; Seder, R.A.; Edwards, D.K.; Wu, K; Werner, AP; Moliva, JI; Koch, M; Choi, A; Stewart-Jones, GBE; Bennett, H; Boyoglu-Barnum, S; Shi, W; Graham, BS; Carfi, A; Corbett, KS; Seder, RA; Edwards, DK mRNA-1273 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies against spike mutants from global SARS-CoV-2 variants. bioRxiv, 2021. doi: 10.1101/2021.01.25.427948
  33. Volz, E.; Mishra, S.; Chand, M.; Barrett, J.C.; Johnson, R.; Geidelberg, L.; Hinsley, W.R.; Laydon, D.J.; Dabrera, G.; O’Toole, Á.; Amato, R.; Ragonnet-Cronin, M.; Harrison, I.; Jackson, B.; Ariani, C.V.; Boyd, O.; Loman, N.J.; McCrone, J.T.; Gonçalves, S.; Jorgensen, D.; Myers, R.; Hill, V.; Jackson, D.K.; Gaythorpe, K.; Groves, N.; Sillitoe, J.; Kwiatkowski, D.P.; Flaxman, S.; Ratmann, O.; Bhatt, S.; Hopkins, S.; Gandy, A.; Rambaut, A.; Ferguson, N.M. Assessing transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England. Nature, 2021, 593(7858), 266-269. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03470-x PMID: 33767447
  34. Tegally, H.; Wilkinson, E.; Giovanetti, M.; Iranzadeh, A.; Fonseca, V.; Giandhari, J.; Doolabh, D.; Pillay, S.; San, E.J.; Msomi, N.; Mlisana, K.; von Gottberg, A.; Walaza, S.; Allam, M.; Ismail, A.; Mohale, T.; Glass, A.J.; Engelbrecht, S.; Van Zyl, G.; Preiser, W.; Petruccione, F.; Sigal, A.; Hardie, D.; Marais, G.; Hsiao, N.; Korsman, S.; Davies, M.A.; Tyers, L.; Mudau, I.; York, D.; Maslo, C.; Goedhals, D.; Abrahams, S.; Laguda-Akingba, O.; Alisoltani-Dehkordi, A.; Godzik, A.; Wibmer, C.K.; Sewell, B.T.; Lourenço, J.; Alcantara, L.C.J.; Kosakovsky Pond, S.L.; Weaver, S.; Martin, D.; Lessells, R.J.; Bhiman, J.N.; Williamson, C.; de Oliveira, T. Detection of a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern in South Africa. Nature, 2021, 592(7854), 438-443. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03402-9 PMID: 33690265
  35. Wibmer, C.K.; Ayres, F.; Hermanus, T.; Madzivhandila, M.; Kgagudi, P.; Oosthuysen, B.; Lambson, B.E.; de Oliveira, T.; Vermeulen, M.; Van der Berg, K.; Rossouw, T.; Boswell, M.; Ueckermann, V.; Meiring, S.; Von Gottberg, A.; Cohen, C.; Morris, L.; Bhiman, J.N.; Moore, P.L. SARS-CoV-2 501Y. bioRxiv, 2021.
  36. Mwenda, M.; Saasa, N.; Sinyange, N.; Busby, G.; Chipimo, P.J.; Hendry, J.; Kapona, O.; Yingst, S.; Hines, J.Z.; Minchella, P.; Simulundu, E.; Changula, K.; Nalubamba, K.S.; Sawa, H.; Kajihara, M.; Yamagishi, J.; Kapin’a, M.; Kapata, N.; Fwoloshi, S.; Zulu, P.; Mulenga, L.B.; Agolory, S.; Mukonka, V.; Bridges, D.J. Detection of B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variant strain-zambia, december 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep., 2021, 70(8), 280-282. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7008e2 PMID: 33630820
  37. Wang, P.; Casner, R.G.; Nair, M.S.; Wang, M.; Yu, J.; Cerutti, G.; Liu, L.; Kwong, P.D.; Huang, Y.; Shapiro, L.; Ho, D.D. Increased resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variant. bioRxiv, 2021.
  38. Vaughan, A.; Mellan, T.A.; Whittaker, C.; Claro, I.M.; Candido, D.D.S.; Mishra, S.; Crispim, M.A.E.; Sales, F.C.; Hawryluk, I.; McCrone, J.T.; Hulswit, R.J.G.; Franco, L.A.M.; Ramundo, M.S.; de Jesus, J.G.; Andrade, P.S.; Coletti, T.M.; Ferreira, G.M.; Silva, C.A.M.; Manuli, E.R.; Pereira, R.H.M.; Peixoto, P.S.; Kraemer, M.U.; Gaburo, N.; Camilo, C.D.C.; Hoeltgebaum, H.; Souza, W.M.; Rocha, E.C.; de Souza, L.M.; de Pinho, M.C.; Araujo, L.J.T.; Malta, F.S.V.; de Lima, A.B.; Silva, J.D.P.; Zauli, D.A.G. Omicron emerges. New Sci., 2021, 252(3363), 7. doi: 10.1016/S0262-4079(21)02140-0 PMID: 34876769
  39. Callaway, E. Heavily mutated Omicron variant puts scientists on alert. Nature, 2021, 600(7887), 21. doi: 10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w PMID: 34824381
  40. Gu, H.; Krishnan, P.; Ng, D.Y.M.; Chang, L.D.J.; Liu, G.Y.Z.; Cheng, S.S.M.; Hui, M.M.Y.; Fan, M.C.Y.; Wan, J.H.L.; Lau, L.H.K.; Cowling, B.J.; Peiris, M.; Poon, L.L.M. Probable transmission of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in quarantine hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 2022, 28(2), 460-462. doi: 10.3201/eid2802.212422 PMID: 34860154
  41. Chen, J; Wang, R; Gilby, NB; Wei, GW Omicron (B.1.1.529): Infectivity, vaccine breakthrough, and antibody resistance. ArXiv., 2021.
  42. Yue, C.; Song, W.; Wang, L.; Jian, F.; Chen, X.; Gao, F.; Shen, Z.; Wang, Y.; Wang, X.; Cao, Y. ACE2 binding and antibody evasion in enhanced transmissibility of XBB.1.5. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2023, 23(3), 278-280. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00010-5 PMID: 36746173
  43. Zhang, W.; Davis, B.D.; Chen, S.S.; Sincuir Martinez, J.M.; Plummer, J.T.; Vail, E. Emergence of a novel SARS-CoV-2 variant in Southern California. JAMA, 2021, 325(13), 1324-1326. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.1612 PMID: 33571356
  44. Voloch, C.M.; da Silva Francisco, R., Jr; de Almeida, L.G.P.; Cardoso, C.C.; Brustolini, O.J.; Gerber, A.L.; Guimarães, A.P.C.; Mariani, D.; da Costa, R.M.; Ferreira, O.C., Jr; Cavalcanti, A.C.; Frauches, T.S.; de Mello, C.M.B.; Leitão, I.C.; Galliez, R.M.; Faffe, D.S.; Castiñeiras, T.M.P.P.; Tanuri, A.; de Vasconcelos, A.T.R. Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J. Virol., 2021, 95(10), e00119-21. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00119-21 PMID: 33649194
  45. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. Available from: https://www.who.int/en/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants/ (Accessed on: January 3, 2022).
  46. Gorbalenya, A.E.; Baker, S.C.; Baric, R.S.; de Groot, R.J.; Drosten, C.; Gulyaeva, A.A.; Haagmans, B.L.; Lauber, C.; Leontovich, A.M.; Neuman, B.W.; Penzar, D.; Perlman, S.; Poon, L.L.M.; Samborskiy, D.V.; Sidorov, I.A.; Sola, I.; Ziebuhr, J. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: Classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat. Microbiol., 2020, 5(4), 536-544. doi: 10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z PMID: 32123347
  47. Davies, N.G.; Jarvis, C.I.; Edmunds, WJ; Jewell, NP; Diaz-Ordaz, K; Keogh, RH. Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7. Nature, 2021, 593(7858), 270-4. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.01.21250959
  48. Rodrigues, E.F.; Moreno, J.; Leite, P.P.; Casaca, P.; Nunes, B.; Gomes, J.P.; Ferreira, R.; Isidro, J.; Borges, V.; Vieira, L.; Duarte, S.; Sousa, C.; Almeida, J.P.; Menezes, L.; Vaz, D.; Leite, A.; Peralta-Santos, A. B.1.617.2 SARS-CoV-2 (Delta) variant is associated with increased risk of hospitalization and death compared with B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 (Alpha) variant. medRix, 2022, 2, 20122. doi: 10.1101/2022.01.21.22268602
  49. Radvak, P.; Kwon, H.J.; Kosikova, M.; Ortega-Rodriguez, U.; Xiang, R.; Phue, J.N.; Shen, R.F.; Rozzelle, J.; Kapoor, N.; Rabara, T.; Fairman, J.; Xie, H. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.351 (beta) variants induce pathogenic patterns in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice distinct from early strains. Nat. Commun., 2021, 12(1), 6559. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26803-w PMID: 34772941
  50. Liu, H.; Wei, P.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, Z.; Aviszus, K.; Downing, W.; Peterson, S.; Reynoso, L.; Downey, G.P.; Frankel, S.K.; Kappler, J.; Marrack, P.; Zhang, G. 501Y.V2 and 501Y.V3 variants of SARS-CoV-2 lose binding to bamlanivimab in vitro. MAbs, 2021, 13(1), 1919285. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1919285 PMID: 34074219
  51. Coutinho, R.M.; Marquitti, F.M.D.; Ferreira, L.S.; Borges, M.E.; da Silva, R.L.P.; Canton, O.; Portella, T.P.; Poloni, S.; Franco, C.; Plucinski, M.M.; Lessa, F.C.; da Silva, A.A.M.; Kraenkel, R.A.; de Sousa, M.V.M.A.; Prado, P.I. Model-based estimation of transmissibility and reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant. Commun. Med., 2021, 1(1), 48. doi: 10.1038/s43856-021-00048-6 PMID: 35602219
  52. Dong, E.; Du, H.; Gardner, L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2020, 20(5), 533-534. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1 PMID: 32087114
  53. Spira, B. The impact of the highly virulent SARS-CoV-2 gamma variant on young adults in the State of São Paulo: Was it inevitable? Cureus, 2022, 14(7), e26486. doi: 10.7759/cureus.26486 PMID: 35919213
  54. Dawood, F.S.; Porucznik, C.A.; Veguilla, V.; Stanford, J.B.; Duque, J.; Rolfes, M.A.; Dixon, A.; Thind, P.; Hacker, E.; Castro, M.J.E.; Jeddy, Z.; Daugherty, M.; Altunkaynak, K.; Hunt, D.R.; Kattel, U.; Meece, J.; Stockwell, M.S. Incidence rates, household infection risk, and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection among children and adults in utah and New York City, New York. JAMA Pediatr., 2022, 176(1), 59-67. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.4217 PMID: 34623377
  55. Dhawan, M.; Sharma, A.; Priyanka; Thakur, N.; Rajkhowa, T.K.; Choudhary, O.P. Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations, impact, challenges and possible solutions. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 2022, 18(5), 2068883. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2068883 PMID: 35507895
  56. Chakraborty, C.; Bhattacharya, M.; Sharma, A.R.; Mallik, B. Omicron (B.1.1.529) - A new heavily mutated variant: Mapped location and probable properties of its mutations with an emphasis on S-glycoprotein. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2022, 219, 980-997. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.254 PMID: 35952818
  57. Ward, I.L.; Bermingham, C.; Ayoubkhani, D.; Gethings, O.J.; Pouwels, K.B.; Yates, T.; Khunti, K.; Hippisley-Cox, J.; Banerjee, A.; Walker, A.S.; Nafilyan, V. Risk of covid-19 related deaths for SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) compared with delta (B.1.617.2): Retrospective cohort study. BMJ, 2022, 378, e070695. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-070695 PMID: 35918098
  58. Allen, H.; Tessier, E.; Turner, C.; Anderson, C.; Blomquist, P.; Simons, D.; Løchen, A.; Jarvis, C.I.; Groves, N.; Capelastegui, F.; Flannagan, J.; Zaidi, A.; Chen, C.; Rawlinson, C.; Hughes, G.J.; Chudasama, D.; Nash, S.; Thelwall, S.; Lopez-Bernal, J.; Dabrera, G.; Charlett, A.; Kall, M.; Lamagni, T. Comparative transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants and the impact of vaccination: National cohort study, England. Epidemiol. Infect., 2023, 151, e58. doi: 10.1017/S0950268823000420 PMID: 36938806
  59. Wang, P.; Nair, M.S.; Liu, L.; Iketani, S.; Luo, Y.; Guo, Y.; Wang, M.; Yu, J.; Zhang, B.; Kwong, P.D.; Graham, B.S.; Mascola, J.R.; Chang, J.Y.; Yin, M.T.; Sobieszczyk, M.; Kyratsous, C.A.; Shapiro, L.; Sheng, Z.; Huang, Y.; Ho, D.D. Antibody Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7. bioRxiv, 2021, 2021.01.25.428137. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-155394/v1
  60. Köhler, G.; Milstein, C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. 1975. J. Immunol., 2005, 174(5), 2453-2455. PMID: 15728446
  61. Hansel, T.T.; Kropshofer, H.; Singer, T.; Mitchell, J.A.; George, A.J.T. The safety and side effects of monoclonal antibodies. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2010, 9(4), 325-338. doi: 10.1038/nrd3003 PMID: 20305665
  62. Both, L.; Banyard, A.C.; van Dolleweerd, C.; Wright, E.; Ma, J.K.C.; Fooks, A.R. Monoclonal antibodies for prophylactic and therapeutic use against viral infections. Pediatr. Pol., 2013, 88(5), T15-T23. doi: 10.1016/j.pepo.2013.08.006 PMID: 32287402
  63. Asherson, R.A.; Gunter, K.; Daya, D.; Shoenfeld, Y. Multiple autoimmune diseases in a young woman: Tuberculosis and splenectomy as possible triggering factors? Another example of the "mosaic" of autoimmunity. J. Rheumatol., 2008, 35(6), 1224-1226. PMID: 18528954
  64. Waudby-West, R.; Parcell, B.J.; Palmer, C.N.A.; Bell, S.; Chalmers, J.D.; Siddiqui, M.K. The association between SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR cycle threshold and mortality in a community cohort. Eur. Respir. J., 2021, 58(1), 2100360. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00360-2021 PMID: 34172468
  65. Abdulrahman, A.; Mallah, S.I.; Alawadhi, A.; Perna, S.; Janahi, E.M.; AlQahtani, M.M. Association between RT-PCR Ct values and COVID-19 new daily cases: A multicenter cross-sectional study. medRxiv, 2020, 29(3), 416. doi: 10.1101/2020.12.07.20245233
  66. Karahasan Yagci, A.; Sarinoglu, R.C.; Bilgin, H.; Yanılmaz, Ö.; Sayın, E.; Deniz, G.; Guncu, M.M.; Doyuk, Z.; Barıs, C.; Kuzan, B.N.; Aslan, B.; Korten, V.; Cimsit, C. Relationship of the cycle threshold values of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction and total severity score of computerized tomography in patients with COVID 19. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2020, 101, 160-166. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1449 PMID: 32992013
  67. Anaclerio, F.; Ferrante, R.; Mandatori, D.; Antonucci, I.; Capanna, M.; Damiani, V.; Tomo, P.D.; Ferrante, R.; Ranaudo, M.; De Laurenzi, V.; Stuppia, L.; De Fabritiis, S. Different strategies for the identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the laboratory practice. Genes, 2021, 12(9), 1428. doi: 10.3390/genes12091428 PMID: 34573410
  68. Vega-Magaña, N.; Sánchez-Sánchez, R.; Hernández-Bello, J.; Venancio-Landeros, A.A.; Peña-Rodríguez, M.; Vega-Zepeda, R.A.; Galindo-Ornelas, B.; Díaz-Sánchez, M.; García-Chagollán, M.; Macedo-Ojeda, G.; García-González, O.P.; Muñoz-Valle, J.F. RT-qPCR assays for rapid detection of the N501Y, 69-70del, K417N, and E484K SARS-CoV-2 mutations: A screening strategy to identify variants with clinical impact. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 2021, 11, 672562. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.672562 PMID: 34123874
  69. Aguilar-Shea, A.L.; Vera-García, M.; Güerri-Fernández, R. Rapid antigen tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2: A narrative review. Aten. Primaria, 2021, 53(9), 102127. doi: 10.1016/j.aprim.2021.102127 PMID: 34217106
  70. Verma, M.K.; Sharma, P.K.; Verma, H.K.; Singh, A.N.; Singh, D.D.; Verma, P.; Siddiqui, A.H. Rapid diagnostic methods for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) detection: An evidence-based report. J. Med. Life, 2021, 14(4), 431-442. doi: 10.25122/jml-2021-0168 PMID: 34621365
  71. Mandal, D.K.; Bhattarai, B.R.; Pokhrel, S.; Chhusyabaga, M.; Bhandari, P.; Bhatt, M.P.; Marhattha, S.B. Diagnostic performance of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test in relation to RT-PCR Cq Value. Adv. Virol., 2022, 2022, 1-8. doi: 10.1155/2022/9245248 PMID: 35592595
  72. Wise, J. Covid-19: New coronavirus variant is identified in UK. BMJ, 2020, 371, m4857. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m4857 PMID: 33328153
  73. Gottlieb, R.L.; Nirula, A.; Chen, P.; Boscia, J.; Heller, B.; Morris, J.; Huhn, G.; Cardona, J.; Mocherla, B.; Stosor, V.; Shawa, I.; Kumar, P.; Adams, A.C.; Van Naarden, J.; Custer, K.L.; Durante, M.; Oakley, G.; Schade, A.E.; Holzer, T.R.; Ebert, P.J.; Higgs, R.E.; Kallewaard, N.L.; Sabo, J.; Patel, D.R.; Klekotka, P.; Shen, L.; Skovronsky, D.M. Effect of bamlanivimab as monotherapy or in combination with etesevimab on viral load in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. JAMA, 2021, 325(7), 632-644. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.0202 PMID: 33475701
  74. Westendorf, K.; Žentelis, S.; Wang, L.; Foster, D.; Vaillancourt, P.; Wiggin, M.; Lovett, E.; van der Lee, R.; Hendle, J.; Pustilnik, A.; Sauder, J.M.; Kraft, L.; Hwang, Y.; Siegel, R.W.; Chen, J.; Heinz, B.A.; Higgs, R.E.; Kallewaard, N.L.; Jepson, K.; Goya, R.; Smith, M.A.; Collins, D.W.; Pellacani, D.; Xiang, P.; de Puyraimond, V.; Ricicova, M.; Devorkin, L.; Pritchard, C.; O’Neill, A.; Dalal, K.; Panwar, P.; Dhupar, H.; Garces, F.A.; Cohen, C.A.; Dye, J.M.; Huie, K.E.; Badger, C.V.; Kobasa, D.; Audet, J.; Freitas, J.J.; Hassanali, S.; Hughes, I.; Munoz, L.; Palma, H.C.; Ramamurthy, B.; Cross, R.W.; Geisbert, T.W.; Menacherry, V.; Lokugamage, K.; Borisevich, V.; Lanz, I.; Anderson, L.; Sipahimalani, P.; Corbett, K.S.; Yang, E.S.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, W.; Zhou, T.; Choe, M.; Misasi, J.; Kwong, P.D.; Sullivan, N.J.; Graham, B.S.; Fernandez, T.L.; Hansen, C.L.; Falconer, E.; Mascola, J.R.; Jones, B.E.; Barnhart, B.C. LY-CoV1404 (bebtelovimab) potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants. bioRxiv, 2022.
  75. Levin, M.J.; Ustianowski, A.; De Wit, S.; Launay, O.; Avila, M.; Templeton, A.; Yuan, Y.; Seegobin, S.; Ellery, A.; Levinson, D.J.; Ambery, P.; Arends, R.H.; Beavon, R.; Dey, K.; Garbes, P.; Kelly, E.J.; Koh, G.C.K.W.; Near, K.A.; Padilla, K.W.; Psachoulia, K.; Sharbaugh, A.; Streicher, K.; Pangalos, M.N.; Esser, M.T. Intramuscular AZD7442 (Tixagevimab–Cilgavimab) for prevention of Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2022, 386(23), 2188-2200. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116620 PMID: 35443106
  76. Dong, J.; Zost, S.J.; Greaney, A.J.; Starr, T.N.; Dingens, A.S.; Chen, E.C.; Chen, R.E.; Case, J.B.; Sutton, R.E.; Gilchuk, P.; Rodriguez, J.; Armstrong, E.; Gainza, C.; Nargi, R.S.; Binshtein, E.; Xie, X.; Zhang, X.; Shi, P.Y.; Logue, J.; Weston, S.; McGrath, M.E.; Frieman, M.B.; Brady, T.; Tuffy, K.M.; Bright, H.; Loo, Y.M.; McTamney, P.M.; Esser, M.T.; Carnahan, R.H.; Diamond, M.S.; Bloom, J.D.; Crowe, J.E., Jr Genetic and structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralization by a two-antibody cocktail. Nat. Microbiol., 2021, 6(10), 1233-1244. doi: 10.1038/s41564-021-00972-2 PMID: 34548634
  77. Zost, S.J.; Gilchuk, P.; Case, J.B.; Binshtein, E.; Chen, R.E.; Nkolola, J.P.; Schäfer, A.; Reidy, J.X.; Trivette, A.; Nargi, R.S.; Sutton, R.E.; Suryadevara, N.; Martinez, D.R.; Williamson, L.E.; Chen, E.C.; Jones, T.; Day, S.; Myers, L.; Hassan, A.O.; Kafai, N.M.; Winkler, E.S.; Fox, J.M.; Shrihari, S.; Mueller, B.K.; Meiler, J.; Chandrashekar, A.; Mercado, N.B.; Steinhardt, J.J.; Ren, K.; Loo, Y.M.; Kallewaard, N.L.; McCune, B.T.; Keeler, S.P.; Holtzman, M.J.; Barouch, D.H.; Gralinski, L.E.; Baric, R.S.; Thackray, L.B.; Diamond, M.S.; Carnahan, R.H.; Crowe, J.E., Jr Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Nature, 2020, 584(7821), 443-449. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2548-6 PMID: 32668443
  78. Beavis, K.G.; Matushek, S.M.; Abeleda, A.P.F.; Bethel, C.; Hunt, C.; Gillen, S.; Moran, A.; Tesic, V. Evaluation of the EUROIMMUN anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA assay for detection of IgA and IgG antibodies. J. Clin. Virol., 2020, 129, 104468. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104468 PMID: 32485620
  79. Ghaffari, A.; Meurant, R.; Ardakani, A. COVID-19 serological tests: How well do they actually perform. Diagnostics, 2020, 10(7), 453. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10070453 PMID: 32635444
  80. Lisboa Bastos, M.; Tavaziva, G.; Abidi, S.K.; Campbell, J.R.; Haraoui, L.P.; Johnston, J.C.; Lan, Z.; Law, S.; MacLean, E.; Trajman, A.; Menzies, D.; Benedetti, A.; Ahmad Khan, F. Diagnostic accuracy of serological tests for covid-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2020, 370, m2516. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2516 PMID: 32611558
  81. Ni, Y.N.; Luo, J.; Yu, H.; Liu, D.; Liang, B.M.; Liang, Z.A. The effect of high-flow nasal cannula in reducing the mortality and the rate of endotracheal intubation when used before mechanical ventilation compared with conventional oxygen therapy and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Emerg. Med., 2018, 36(2), 226-233. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.07.083 PMID: 28780231
  82. Hoffmann, M.; Kleine-Weber, H.; Schroeder, S.; Krüger, N.; Herrler, T.; Erichsen, S.; Schiergens, T.S.; Herrler, G.; Wu, N.H.; Nitsche, A.; Müller, M.A.; Drosten, C.; Pöhlmann, S. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell, 2020, 181(2), 271-280. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052 PMID: 32142651
  83. Avorn, J. Learning about the safety of drugs--a half-century of evolution. N. Engl. J. Med., 2011, 365(23), 2151-2153. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1110327 PMID: 22150034
  84. Yuen, C.K.; Lam, J.Y.; Wong, W.M.; Mak, L.F.; Wang, X.; Chu, H.; Cai, J.P.; Jin, D.Y.; To, K.K.W.; Chan, J.F.W.; Yuen, K.Y.; Kok, K.H. SARS-CoV-2 nsp13, nsp14, nsp15 and orf6 function as potent interferon antagonists. Emerg. Microbes Infect., 2020, 9(1), 1418-1428. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1780953 PMID: 32529952
  85. Ranieri, V.M.; Pettilä, V.; Karvonen, M.K.; Jalkanen, J.; Nightingale, P.; Brealey, D.; Mancebo, J.; Ferrer, R.; Mercat, A.; Patroniti, N.; Quintel, M.; Vincent, J.L.; Okkonen, M.; Meziani, F.; Bellani, G.; MacCallum, N.; Creteur, J.; Kluge, S.; Artigas-Raventos, A.; Maksimow, M.; Piippo, I.; Elima, K.; Jalkanen, S.; Jalkanen, M.; Bellingan, G. Effect of intravenous interferon β-1a on death and days free from mechanical ventilation among patients with moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA, 2020, 323(8), 725-733. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.22525 PMID: 32065831
  86. Davoudi-Monfared, E.; Rahmani, H.; Khalili, H.; Hajiabdolbaghi, M.; Salehi, M.; Abbasian, L.; Kazemzadeh, H.; Yekaninejad, M.S. A randomized clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of interferon β-1a in treatment of severe COVID-19. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2020, 64(9), e01061-20. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01061-20 PMID: 32661006
  87. Sosa, J.P.; Ferreira Caceres, M.M.; Ross Comptis, J.; Quiros, J.; Príncipe-Meneses, F.S.; Riva-Moscoso, A.; Belizaire, M.P.; Malanyaon, F.Q.; Agadi, K.; Jaffery, S.S.; Sahajwani, J.; Arshia, A.; Senatus, A.; Verdecia, G.; Akano, L.; Razzack, A.A.; Salam, S.; Gadamidi, V.K.; Marian, S. Effects of interferon beta in COVID-19 adult patients: Systematic review. Infect. Chemother., 2021, 53(2), 247-260. doi: 10.3947/ic.2021.0028 PMID: 34216119
  88. Horby, P.; Lim, W.S.; Emberson, J.R.; Mafham, M.; Bell, J.L.; Linsell, L.; Staplin, N.; Brightling, C.; Ustianowski, A.; Elmahi, E.; Prudon, B.; Green, C.; Felton, T.; Chadwick, D.; Rege, K.; Fegan, C.; Chappell, L.C.; Faust, S.N.; Jaki, T.; Jeffery, K.; Montgomery, A.; Rowan, K.; Juszczak, E.; Baillie, J.K.; Haynes, R.; Landray, M.J. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2021, 384(8), 693-704. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021436 PMID: 32678530
  89. Huet, T.; Beaussier, H.; Voisin, O.; Jouveshomme, S.; Dauriat, G.; Lazareth, I.; Sacco, E.; Naccache, J.M.; Bézie, Y.; Laplanche, S.; Le Berre, A.; Le Pavec, J.; Salmeron, S.; Emmerich, J.; Mourad, J.J.; Chatellier, G.; Hayem, G. Anakinra for severe forms of COVID-19: A cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol., 2020, 2(7), e393-e400. doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30164-8 PMID: 32835245
  90. Conti, P.; Ronconi, G.; Caraffa, A.; Gallenga, C.E.; Ross, R.; Frydas, I.; Kritas, S.K. Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): anti-inflammatory strategies. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents, 2020, 34(2), 327-331. PMID: 32171193
  91. Cellina, M.; Orsi, M.; Bombaci, F.; Sala, M.; Marino, P.; Oliva, G. Favorable changes of CT findings in a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia after treatment with tocilizumab. Diagn. Interv. Imaging, 2020, 101(5), 323-324. doi: 10.1016/j.diii.2020.03.010 PMID: 32278585
  92. Michot, J.M.; Albiges, L.; Chaput, N.; Saada, V.; Pommeret, F.; Griscelli, F.; Balleyguier, C.; Besse, B.; Marabelle, A.; Netzer, F.; Merad, M.; Robert, C.; Barlesi, F.; Gachot, B.; Stoclin, A. Tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, to treat COVID-19-related respiratory failure: A case report. Ann. Oncol., 2020, 31(7), 961-964. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.03.300 PMID: 32247642
  93. Rosas, I.O.; Bräu, N.; Waters, M.; Go, R.C.; Hunter, B.D.; Bhagani, S.; Skiest, D.; Aziz, M.S.; Cooper, N.; Douglas, I.S.; Savic, S.; Youngstein, T.; Del Sorbo, L.; Cubillo Gracian, A.; De La Zerda, D.J.; Ustianowski, A.; Bao, M.; Dimonaco, S.; Graham, E.; Matharu, B.; Spotswood, H.; Tsai, L.; Malhotra, A. Tocilizumab in hospitalized patients with severe covid-19 pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2021, 384(16), 1503-1516. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2028700 PMID: 33631066
  94. Stone, J.H.; Frigault, M.J.; Serling-Boyd, N.J.; Fernandes, A.D.; Harvey, L.; Foulkes, A.S.; Horick, N.K.; Healy, B.C.; Shah, R.; Bensaci, A.M.; Woolley, A.E.; Nikiforow, S.; Lin, N.; Sagar, M.; Schrager, H.; Huckins, D.S.; Axelrod, M.; Pincus, M.D.; Fleisher, J.; Sacks, C.A.; Dougan, M.; North, C.M.; Halvorsen, Y.D.; Thurber, T.K.; Dagher, Z.; Scherer, A.; Wallwork, R.S.; Kim, A.Y.; Schoenfeld, S.; Sen, P.; Neilan, T.G.; Perugino, C.A.; Unizony, S.H.; Collier, D.S.; Matza, M.A.; Yinh, J.M.; Bowman, K.A.; Meyerowitz, E.; Zafar, A.; Drobni, Z.D.; Bolster, M.B.; Kohler, M.; D’Silva, K.M.; Dau, J.; Lockwood, M.M.; Cubbison, C.; Weber, B.N.; Mansour, M.K. Efficacy of tocilizumab in patients hospitalized with Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(24), 2333-2344. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2028836 PMID: 33085857
  95. Gordon, A.C.; Mouncey, P.R.; Al-Beidh, F.; Rowan, K.M.; Nichol, A.D.; Arabi, Y.M.; Annane, D.; Beane, A.; van Bentum-Puijk, W.; Berry, L.R.; Bhimani, Z.; Bonten, M.J.M.; Bradbury, C.A.; Brunkhorst, F.M.; Buzgau, A.; Cheng, A.C.; Detry, M.A.; Duffy, E.J.; Estcourt, L.J.; Fitzgerald, M.; Goossens, H.; Haniffa, R.; Higgins, A.M.; Hills, T.E.; Horvat, C.M.; Lamontagne, F.; Lawler, P.R.; Leavis, H.L.; Linstrum, K.M.; Litton, E.; Lorenzi, E.; Marshall, J.C.; Mayr, F.B.; McAuley, D.F.; McGlothlin, A.; McGuinness, S.P.; McVerry, B.J.; Montgomery, S.K.; Morpeth, S.C.; Murthy, S.; Orr, K.; Parke, R.L.; Parker, J.C.; Patanwala, A.E.; Pettilä, V.; Rademaker, E.; Santos, M.S.; Saunders, C.T.; Seymour, C.W.; Shankar-Hari, M.; Sligl, W.I.; Turgeon, A.F.; Turner, A.M.; van de Veerdonk, F.L.; Zarychanski, R.; Green, C.; Lewis, R.J.; Angus, D.C.; McArthur, C.J.; Berry, S.; Webb, S.A.; Derde, L.P.G. Interleukin-6 receptor antagonists in critically Ill patients with covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2021, 384(16), 1491-1502. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2100433 PMID: 33631065
  96. Lescure, F.X.; Honda, H.; Fowler, R.A.; Lazar, J.S.; Shi, G.; Wung, P.; Patel, N.; Hagino, O.; Bazzalo, I.J.; Casas, M.M.; Nuñez, S.A.; Pere, Y.; Ibarrola, C.M.; Solis, A.M.A.; Cuesta, M.C.; Duarte, A.E.; Gutierrez, F.P.M.; Iannantuono, M.A.; Miyazaki, E.A.; Silvio, J.P.; Scublinsky, D.G.; Bales, A.; Catarino, D.; Fiss, E.; Mohrbacher, S.; Sato, V.; Baylao, A.; Cavalcante, A.; Correa, F.; de Andrade, C.A.; Furtado, J.; Ribeiro, F.N.; Telles, V.; Trevelin, L.T.; Vipich, R.; Boldo, R.; Borges, P.; Lobo, S.; Luckemeyer, G.; Machado, L.; Alves, M.B.; Iglessias, A.C.; Lago, M.M.; Santos, D.W.; Chapdelaine, H.; Falcone, E.L.; Jamal, R.; Luong, M-L.; Durand, M.; Doucet, S.; Carrier, F-M.; Coburn, B.A.; Del Sorbo, L.; Walmsley, S.L.; Belga, S.; Chen, L.Y.; Mah, A.D.; Steiner, T.; Wright, A.J.; Hajek, J.; Adhikari, N.; Fowler, R.A.; Daneman, N.; Khwaja, K.A.; Shahin, J.; Gonzalez, C.; Silva, R.; Lindh, M.; Maluenda, G.; Fernandez, P.; Oyonarte, M.; Lasso, M.; Boyer, A.; Bronnimann, D.; Bui, H-N.; Cazanave, C.; Chaussade, H.; Desclaux, A.; Ducours, M.; Duvignaud, A.; Malvy, D.; Martin, L.; Neau, D.; Nguyen, D.; Pistone, T.; Soubrane-Wirth, G.; Leitao, J.; Allavena, C.; Biron, C.; Bouchez, S.; Gaborit, B.; Gregoire, A.; Le Turnier, P.; Lecompte, A-S.; Lecomte, R.; Lefebvre, M.; Raffi, F.; Boutoille, D.; Morineau, P.H.; Guéry, R.; Chatelus, E.; Dumoussaud, N.; Felten, R.; Luca, F.; Goichot, B.; Schneider, F.; Taquet, M-C.; Groh, M.; Roumier, M.; Neuville, M.; Bachelard, A.; Isernia, V.; Lescure, F-X.; Phung, B-C.; Rachline, A.; Sautereau, A.; Vallois, D.; Bleher, Y.; Boucher, D.; Coudon, C.; Esnault, J.; Guimard, T.; Leautez-Nainville, S.; Merrien, D.; Morrier, M.; Motte-Vincent, P.; Gabeff, R.; Leclerc, H.; Cozic, C.; Decours, R.; Février, R.; Colin, G.; Abgrall, S.; Vignes, D.; Sterpu, R.; Kuellmar, M.; Meersch-Dini, M.; Weiss, R.; Zarbock, A.; Antony, C.; Berger, M.; Brenner, T.; Taube, C.; Herbstreit, F.; Dolff, S.; Konik, M.; Schmidt, K.; Zettler, M.; Witzke, O.; Boell, B.; Garcia Borrega, J.; Koehler, P.; Zander, T.; Dusse, F.; Al-Sawaf, O.; Köhler, P.; Eichenauer, D.; Kochanek, M.; Shimabukuro-Vornhagen, A.; Mellinghoff, S.; Claßen, A.; Heger, J-M.; Meyer-Schwickerath, C.; Liedgens, P.; Heindel, K.; Belkin, A.; Biber, A.; Gilboa, M.; Levy, I.; Litachevsky, V.; Rahav, G.; Finesod Wiedner, A.; Zilberman-Daniels, T.; Oster, Y.; Strahilevitz, J.; Sviri, S.; Baldissera, E.M.; Campochiaro, C.; Cavalli, G.; Dagna, L.; De Luca, G.; Della Torre, E.; Tomelleri, A.; Bernasconi De Luca, D.; Capetti, A.F.; Coen, M.; Cossu, M.V.; Galli, M.; Giacomelli, A.; Gubertini, G.A.; Rusconi, S.; Burastero, G.J.; Digaetano, M.; Guaraldi, G.; Meschiari, M.; Mussini, C.; Puzzolante, C.; Volpi, S.; Aiello, M.; Ariani, A.; Chetta, A.A.; Frizzelli, A.; Ticinesi, A.; Tuttolomondo, D.; Aliberti, S.; Blasi, F.B.; Di Pasquale, M.F.; Misuraca, S.; Pilocane, T.; Simonetta, E.; Aghelmo, A.M.; Angelini, C.; Brunetta, E.; Canonica, G.W.; Ciccarelli, M.; Dal Farra, S.; De Santis, M.; Ferri, S.; Folci, M.; Guidelli, G.M.; Heffler, E.M.; Loiacono, F.; Malipiero, G.; Paoletti, G.; Pedale, R.; Puggioni, F.A.; Racca, F.; Zumbo, A.; Satou, M.; Honda, H.; Lisun, T.; Protsenko, D.; Rubtsov, N.; Beloglazova, I.; Fomina, D.; Lysenko, M.; Serdotetskova, S.; Firstov, V.; Gordeev, I.; Kokorin, I.; Komissarova, K.; Lapochkina, N.; Luchinkina, E.; Malimon, V.; Mamedguseyinova, S.; Polubatonova, K.; Suvorova, N.; Arribas, J.; Borobia Perez, A.M.; de la Calle Prieto, F.; Figueira, J.C.; Motejano, S.R.; Mora-Rillo, M.; Prados, S.C.; Queiruga, P.J.; Fernandez, A.F.; Guerro, B.M.; Bendala Estrada, A.; Caballero, M.A.; Garcia, L.M.E.; García-Martínez, R.; Collado, A.M.; Munoz, G.P.; Torres do Rego, A.; Villalba, G.M.V.; Burrillo, A.; Valerio, M.M.; Gijon, V.P.; Infante, H.S.; Velilla, E.; Machado, M.; Olmedo, M.; Pinilla, B.; Almirante, G.B.; Cañas, R.M.E.; Contreras, M.S.; Cortés, H.A.; Falcó, F.V.; Ferrer, R.R.; Nuvials, C.X.; Ribera, P.E.; Suanzes, D.P.; Rebollo, C.P.; Garcia, A.F.; Soriano, A.; Oliver Caldes, A.; González, C.A.; Cardozo, C.; De la Mora, C.L.; Pena, L.R.; Chamorro, S.; Crespillo-Andujar, C.; Escudero, S.R.; Fortún-Abete, J.; Monge-Maillo, B.; Moreno, Z.A.; Norman, F.; Sanchez, C.M.; Serrano, V.S.; Vizcarra, P. Sarilumab in patients admitted to hospital with severe or critical COVID-19: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Respir. Med., 2021, 9(5), 522-532. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00099-0 PMID: 33676590
  97. Singh, A.K.; Singh, A.; Singh, R.; Misra, A. Molnupiravir in COVID-19: A systematic review of literature. Diabetes Metab. Syndr., 2021, 15(6), 102329. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102329 PMID: 34742052
  98. Jayk Bernal, A.; Gomes da Silva, M.M.; Musungaie, D.B.; Kovalchuk, E.; Gonzalez, A.; Delos Reyes, V.; Martín-Quirós, A.; Caraco, Y.; Williams-Diaz, A.; Brown, M.L.; Du, J.; Pedley, A.; Assaid, C.; Strizki, J.; Grobler, J.A.; Shamsuddin, H.H.; Tipping, R.; Wan, H.; Paschke, A.; Butterton, J.R.; Johnson, M.G.; De Anda, C. Molnupiravir for oral treatment of covid-19 in nonhospitalized patients. N. Engl. J. Med., 2022, 386(6), 509-520. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116044 PMID: 34914868
  99. Mahase, E. Covid-19: Pfizer’s paxlovid is 89% effective in patients at risk of serious illness, company reports. BMJ, 2021, 375(2713), n2713. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n2713 PMID: 34750163
  100. Wang, M.; Cao, R.; Zhang, L.; Yang, X.; Liu, J.; Xu, M.; Shi, Z.; Hu, Z.; Zhong, W.; Xiao, G. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res., 2020, 30(3), 269-271. doi: 10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0 PMID: 32020029
  101. Beigel, J.H.; Tomashek, K.M.; Dodd, L.E.; Mehta, A.K.; Zingman, B.S.; Kalil, A.C.; Hohmann, E.; Chu, H.Y.; Luetkemeyer, A.; Kline, S.; Lopez de Castilla, D.; Finberg, R.W.; Dierberg, K.; Tapson, V.; Hsieh, L.; Patterson, T.F.; Paredes, R.; Sweeney, D.A.; Short, W.R.; Touloumi, G.; Lye, D.C.; Ohmagari, N.; Oh, M.; Ruiz-Palacios, G.M.; Benfield, T.; Fätkenheuer, G.; Kortepeter, M.G.; Atmar, R.L.; Creech, C.B.; Lundgren, J.; Babiker, A.G.; Pett, S.; Neaton, J.D.; Burgess, T.H.; Bonnett, T.; Green, M.; Makowski, M.; Osinusi, A.; Nayak, S.; Lane, H.C. Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19 — final report. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(19), 1813-1826. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764 PMID: 32445440
  102. Goldman, J.D.; Lye, D.C.B.; Hui, D.S.; Marks, K.M.; Bruno, R.; Montejano, R.; Spinner, C.D.; Galli, M.; Ahn, M.Y.; Nahass, R.G.; Chen, Y.S.; SenGupta, D.; Hyland, R.H.; Osinusi, A.O.; Cao, H.; Blair, C.; Wei, X.; Gaggar, A.; Brainard, D.M.; Towner, W.J.; Muñoz, J.; Mullane, K.M.; Marty, F.M.; Tashima, K.T.; Diaz, G.; Subramanian, A. Remdesivir for 5 or 10 days in patients with severe Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(19), 1827-1837. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2015301 PMID: 32459919
  103. Spinner, C.D.; Gottlieb, R.L.; Criner, G.J.; Arribas López, J.R.; Cattelan, A.M.; Soriano Viladomiu, A.; Ogbuagu, O.; Malhotra, P.; Mullane, K.M.; Castagna, A.; Chai, L.Y.A.; Roestenberg, M.; Tsang, O.T.Y.; Bernasconi, E.; Le Turnier, P.; Chang, S.C.; SenGupta, D.; Hyland, R.H.; Osinusi, A.O.; Cao, H.; Blair, C.; Wang, H.; Gaggar, A.; Brainard, D.M.; McPhail, M.J.; Bhagani, S.; Ahn, M.Y.; Sanyal, A.J.; Huhn, G.; Marty, F.M. Effect of remdesivir vs standard care on clinical status at 11 days in patients with moderate COVID-19. JAMA, 2020, 324(11), 1048-1057. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16349 PMID: 32821939
  104. Zhang, R.; Mylonakis, E. In inpatients with COVID-19, none of remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, or interferon β-1a differed from standard care for in-hospital mortality. Ann. Intern. Med., 2021, 174(2), JC17. doi: 10.7326/ACPJ202102160-017 PMID: 33524282
  105. Gottlieb, R.L.; Vaca, C.E.; Paredes, R.; Mera, J.; Webb, B.J.; Perez, G.; Oguchi, G.; Ryan, P.; Nielsen, B.U.; Brown, M.; Hidalgo, A.; Sachdeva, Y.; Mittal, S.; Osiyemi, O.; Skarbinski, J.; Juneja, K.; Hyland, R.H.; Osinusi, A.; Chen, S.; Camus, G.; Abdelghany, M.; Davies, S.; Behenna-Renton, N.; Duff, F.; Marty, F.M.; Katz, M.J.; Ginde, A.A.; Brown, S.M.; Schiffer, J.T.; Hill, J.A. Early remdesivir to prevent progression to severe covid-19 in outpatients. N. Engl. J. Med., 2022, 386(4), 305-315. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116846 PMID: 34937145
  106. Horby, P.; Mafham, M.; Linsell, L.; Bell, J.L.; Staplin, N.; Emberson, J.R.; Wiselka, M.; Ustianowski, A.; Elmahi, E.; Prudon, B.; Whitehouse, T.; Felton, T.; Williams, J.; Faccenda, J.; Underwood, J.; Baillie, J.K.; Chappell, L.C.; Faust, S.N.; Jaki, T.; Jeffery, K.; Lim, W.S.; Montgomery, A.; Rowan, K.; Tarning, J.; Watson, J.A.; White, N.J.; Juszczak, E.; Haynes, R.; Landray, M.J. Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(21), 2030-2040. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022926 PMID: 33031652
  107. Mitjà, O.; Corbacho-Monné, M.; Ubals, M.; Alemany, A.; Suñer, C.; Tebé, C.; Tobias, A.; Peñafiel, J.; Ballana, E.; Pérez, C.A.; Admella, P.; Riera-Martí, N.; Laporte, P.; Mitjà, J.; Clua, M.; Bertran, L.; Sarquella, M.; Gavilán, S.; Ara, J.; Argimon, J.M.; Cuatrecasas, G.; Cañadas, P.; Elizalde-Torrent, A.; Fabregat, R.; Farré, M.; Forcada, A.; Flores-Mateo, G.; López, C.; Muntada, E.; Nadal, N.; Narejos, S.; Nieto, A.; Prat, N.; Puig, J.; Quiñones, C.; Ramírez-Viaplana, F.; Reyes-Urueña, J.; Riveira-Muñoz, E.; Ruiz, L.; Sanz, S.; Sentís, A.; Sierra, A.; Velasco, C.; Vivanco-Hidalgo, R.M.; Zamora, J.; Casabona, J.; Vall-Mayans, M.; González-Beiras, C.; Clotet, B. A Cluster-randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine for prevention of Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2021, 384(5), 417-427. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021801 PMID: 33289973
  108. Boulware, D.R.; Pullen, M.F.; Bangdiwala, A.S.; Pastick, K.A.; Lofgren, S.M.; Okafor, E.C.; Skipper, C.P.; Nascene, A.A.; Nicol, M.R.; Abassi, M.; Engen, N.W.; Cheng, M.P.; LaBar, D.; Lother, S.A.; MacKenzie, L.J.; Drobot, G.; Marten, N.; Zarychanski, R.; Kelly, L.E.; Schwartz, I.S.; McDonald, E.G.; Rajasingham, R.; Lee, T.C.; Hullsiek, K.H. A randomized trial of hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis for Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 383(6), 517-525. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2016638 PMID: 32492293
  109. Cao, B.; Wang, Y.; Wen, D.; Liu, W.; Wang, J.; Fan, G.; Ruan, L.; Song, B.; Cai, Y.; Wei, M.; Li, X.; Xia, J.; Chen, N.; Xiang, J.; Yu, T.; Bai, T.; Xie, X.; Zhang, L.; Li, C.; Yuan, Y.; Chen, H.; Li, H.; Huang, H.; Tu, S.; Gong, F.; Liu, Y.; Wei, Y.; Dong, C.; Zhou, F.; Gu, X.; Xu, J.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Li, H.; Shang, L.; Wang, K.; Li, K.; Zhou, X.; Dong, X.; Qu, Z.; Lu, S.; Hu, X.; Ruan, S.; Luo, S.; Wu, J.; Peng, L.; Cheng, F.; Pan, L.; Zou, J.; Jia, C.; Wang, J.; Liu, X.; Wang, S.; Wu, X.; Ge, Q.; He, J.; Zhan, H.; Qiu, F.; Guo, L.; Huang, C.; Jaki, T.; Hayden, F.G.; Horby, P.W.; Zhang, D.; Wang, C. A trial of lopinavir–ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. N. Engl. J. Med., 2020, 382(19), 1787-1799. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001282 PMID: 32187464
  110. Caly, L.; Druce, J.D.; Catton, M.G.; Jans, D.A.; Wagstaff, K.M. The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Antiviral Res., 2020, 178, 104787. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104787 PMID: 32251768
  111. López-Medina, E.; López, P.; Hurtado, I.C.; Dávalos, D.M.; Ramirez, O.; Martínez, E.; Díazgranados, J.A.; Oñate, J.M.; Chavarriaga, H.; Herrera, S.; Parra, B.; Libreros, G.; Jaramillo, R.; Avendaño, A.C.; Toro, D.F.; Torres, M.; Lesmes, M.C.; Rios, C.A.; Caicedo, I. Effect of ivermectin on time to resolution of symptoms among adults with mild COVID-19. JAMA, 2021, 325(14), 1426-1435. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.3071 PMID: 33662102
  112. Baum, A.; Ajithdoss, D.; Copin, R.; Zhou, A.; Lanza, K.; Negron, N.; Ni, M.; Wei, Y.; Mohammadi, K.; Musser, B.; Atwal, G.S.; Oyejide, A.; Goez-Gazi, Y.; Dutton, J.; Clemmons, E.; Staples, H.M.; Bartley, C.; Klaffke, B.; Alfson, K.; Gazi, M.; Gonzalez, O.; Dick, E., Jr; Carrion, R., Jr; Pessaint, L.; Porto, M.; Cook, A.; Brown, R.; Ali, V.; Greenhouse, J.; Taylor, T.; Andersen, H.; Lewis, M.G.; Stahl, N.; Murphy, A.J.; Yancopoulos, G.D.; Kyratsous, C.A. REGN-COV2 antibodies prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques and hamsters. Science, 2020, 370(6520), 1110-1115. doi: 10.1126/science.abe2402 PMID: 33037066
  113. Rabaan, A.A.; Tirupathi, R.; Sule, A.A.; Aldali, J.; Mutair, A.A.; Alhumaid, S.; Muzaheed; Gupta, N.; Koritala, T.; Adhikari, R.; Bilal, M.; Dhawan, M.; Tiwari, R.; Mitra, S.; Emran, T.B.; Dhama, K. Viral dynamics and real-time RT-PCR Ct values correlation with disease severity in COVID-19. Diagnostics, 2021, 11(6), 1091. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11061091 PMID: 34203738
  114. Garcia-Beltran, W.F.; Lam, E.C.; St Denis, K.; Nitido, A.D.; Garcia, Z.H.; Hauser, B.M.; Feldman, J.; Pavlovic, M.N.; Gregory, D.J.; Poznansky, M.C.; Sigal, A.; Schmidt, A.G.; Iafrate, A.J.; Naranbhai, V.; Balazs, A.B. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell, 2021, 184(9), 2372-2383.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.013 PMID: 33743213
  115. Conceicao, C.; Thakur, N.; Human, S.; Kelly, J.T.; Logan, L.; Bialy, D.; Bhat, S.; Stevenson-Leggett, P.; Zagrajek, A.K.; Hollinghurst, P.; Varga, M.; Tsirigoti, C.; Tully, M.; Chiu, C.; Moffat, K.; Silesian, A.P.; Hammond, J.A.; Maier, H.J.; Bickerton, E.; Shelton, H.; Dietrich, I.; Graham, S.C.; Bailey, D. The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein has a broad tropism for mammalian ACE2 proteins. PLoS Biol., 2020, 18(12), e3001016. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001016 PMID: 33347434
  116. Krammer, F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. Nature, 2020, 586(7830), 516-527. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3 PMID: 32967006
  117. Creech, C.B.; Walker, S.C.; Samuels, R.J. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. JAMA, 2021, 325(13), 1318-1320. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.3199 PMID: 33635317
  118. Aydin, S. A short history, principles, and types of ELISA, and our laboratory experience with peptide/protein analyses using ELISA. Peptides, 2015, 72, 4-15. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.012 PMID: 25908411
  119. Corominas, J.; Garriga, C.; Prenafeta, A.; Moros, A.; Cañete, M.; Barreiro, A.; González-González, L.; Madrenas, L.; Güell, I.; Clotet, B.; Izquierdo-Useros, N.; Raïch-Regué, D.; Gallemí, M.; Blanco, J.; Pradenas, E.; Trinité, B.; Prado, J.G.; Blanch-Lombarte, O.; Pérez-Caballero, R.; Plana, M.; Esteban, I.; Pastor-Quiñones, C.; Núñez-Costa, X.; Taleb, R.A.; McSkimming, P.; Soriano, A.; Nava, J.; Anagua, J.O.; Ramos, R.; Lluch, R.M.; Comes, A.C.; Romero, S.O.; Gomez, X.M.; Sans-Pola, C.; Moltó, J.; Benet, S.; Bailón, L.; Arribas, J.R.; Borobia, A.M.; Parada, J.Q.; Navarro-Pérez, J.; Forner Giner, M.J.; Lucas, R.O.; Jiménez, M.M.V.; Compán, S.O.; Alvarez-Mon, M.; Troncoso, D.; Arana-Arri, E.; Meijide, S.; Imaz-Ayo, N.; García, P.M.; de la Villa Martínez, S.; Fernández, S.R.; Prat, T.; Torroella, È.; Ferrer, L. Safety and immunogenicity of the protein-based PHH-1V compared to BNT162b2 as a heterologous SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine in adults vaccinated against COVID-19: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority phase IIb trial. Lancet Reg. Health Eur., 2023, 28, 100613. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100613 PMID: 37131861
  120. Ratajczak, P.; Banach, Z.; Kopciuch, D.; Paczkowska, A.; Zaprutko, T.; Krawczyk, J.; Maciuszek-Bartkowska, B.; Kus, K. Tozinameran (Pfizer, BioNTech) and elasomeran (Moderna) efficacy in COVID-19—A systematic review of randomised controlled trial studies. Healthcare, 2023, 11(11), 1532. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11111532 PMID: 37297673
  121. Knoll, M.D.; Wonodi, C. Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine efficacy. Lancet, 2021, 397(10269), 72-74. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32623-4 PMID: 33306990
  122. Sah, R.; Shrestha, S.; Mehta, R.; Sah, S.K.; Rabaan, A.A.; Dhama, K.; Rodriguez-Morales, A.J. AZD1222 (Covishield) vaccination for COVID-19: Experiences, challenges, and solutions in Nepal. Travel Med. Infect. Dis., 2021, 40, 101989. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.101989 PMID: 33578045
  123. Sadoff, J.; Gray, G.; Vandebosch, A.; Cárdenas, V.; Shukarev, G.; Grinsztejn, B.; Goepfert, P.A.; Truyers, C.; Van Dromme, I.; Spiessens, B.; Vingerhoets, J.; Custers, J.; Scheper, G.; Robb, M.L.; Treanor, J.; Ryser, M.F.; Barouch, D.H.; Swann, E.; Marovich, M.A.; Neuzil, K.M.; Corey, L.; Stoddard, J.; Hardt, K.; Ruiz-Guiñazú, J.; Le Gars, M.; Schuitemaker, H.; Van Hoof, J.; Struyf, F.; Douoguih, M. Final analysis of efficacy and safety of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S. N. Engl. J. Med., 2022, 386(9), 847-860. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2117608 PMID: 35139271
  124. Carreño, J.M.; Singh, G.; Tcheou, J.; Srivastava, K.; Gleason, C.; Muramatsu, H.; Desai, P.; Aberg, J.A.; Miller, R.L.; study group, P.A.R.I.S.; Pardi, N.; Simon, V.; Krammer, F. mRNA-1273 but not BNT162b2 induces antibodies against polyethylene glycol (PEG) contained in mRNA-based vaccine formulations. Vaccine, 2022, 40(42), 6114-6124. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.024 PMID: 36115801
  125. Mok, C.K.P.; Chen, C.; Zhao, S.; Sun, Y.; Yiu, K.; Chan, T.O.; Lai, H.L.; Lai, K.C.; Lau, K.M.; Ling, K.C.; Chan, K.K.P.; Ng, S.S.; Ko, F.W.; Peiris, M.; Hui, D.S. Omicron BA.1-specific T-cell responses in adults vaccinated with CoronaVac or BNT162b2 in Hong Kong: an observational cohort study. Lancet Microbe, 2023, 4(6), e418-e430. doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00006-X PMID: 37086735
  126. Sahay, R.R.; Yadav, P.D.; Nandapurkar, A.; Dhawde, R.; Suryawanshi, A.; Patil, D.Y.; Shete, A.M.; Sapkal, G.N.; Kulkarni, M.; Gurav, Y.K.; Deshpande, G.R.; Ghodke, J.S.; Jain, R.; Hawale, R.; Kalele, K.; Yemul, J.; Gawande, P.; Abraham, P. Evaluation of immunogenicity post two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, Covaxin after six months. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother., 2022, 18(7), 2156753. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2156753 PMID: 36576223
  127. Rydyznski Moderbacher, C.; Kim, C.; Mateus, J.; Plested, J.; Zhu, M.; Cloney-Clark, S.; Weiskopf, D.; Sette, A.; Fries, L.; Glenn, G.; Crotty, S. NVX-CoV2373 vaccination induces functional SARS-CoV-2–specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. J. Clin. Invest., 2022, 132(19), e160898. doi: 10.1172/JCI160898 PMID: 35943810
  128. Parums, D.V. Editorial: First approval of the protein-based adjuvanted nuvaxovid (NVX-CoV2373) novavax vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 could increase vaccine uptake and provide immune protection from viral variants. Med. Sci. Monit., 2022, 28, e936523. doi: 10.12659/MSM.936523 PMID: 35228506
  129. Jin, P.; Guo, X.; Chen, W.; Ma, S.; Pan, H.; Dai, L.; Du, P.; Wang, L.; Jin, L.; Chen, Y.; Shi, F.; Liu, J.; Xu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Gao, G.F.; Chen, C.; Feng, J.; Li, J.; Zhu, F. Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous boost immunization with an adenovirus type-5-vectored and protein-subunit-based COVID-19 vaccine (Convidecia/ZF2001): A randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS Med., 2022, 19(5), e1003953. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003953 PMID: 35617368
  130. Yegorov, S.; Kadyrova, I.; Negmetzhanov, B.; Kolesnikova, Y.; Kolesnichenko, S.; Korshukov, I.; Baiken, Y.; Matkarimov, B.; Miller, M.S.; Hortelano, G.H.; Babenko, D. Sputnik-V reactogenicity and immunogenicity in the blood and mucosa: A prospective cohort study. Sci. Rep., 2022, 12(1), 13207. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-17514-3 PMID: 35915123
  131. Sridhar, S.; Joaquin, A.; Bonaparte, M.I.; Bueso, A.; Chabanon, A.L.; Chen, A.; Chicz, R.M.; Diemert, D.; Essink, B.J.; Fu, B.; Grunenberg, N.A.; Janosczyk, H.; Keefer, M.C.; Rivera M, D.M.; Meng, Y.; Michael, N.L.; Munsiff, S.S.; Ogbuagu, O.; Raabe, V.N.; Severance, R.; Rivas, E.; Romanyak, N.; Rouphael, N.G.; Schuerman, L.; Sher, L.D.; Walsh, S.R.; White, J.; von Barbier, D.; de Bruyn, G.; Canter, R.; Grillet, M.H.; Keshtkar-Jahromi, M.; Koutsoukos, M.; Lopez, D.; Masotti, R.; Mendoza, S.; Moreau, C.; Ceregido, M.A.; Ramirez, S.; Said, A.; Tavares-Da-Silva, F.; Shi, J.; Tong, T.; Treanor, J.; Diazgranados, C.A.; Savarino, S. Safety and immunogenicity of an AS03-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine (CoV2 preS dTM) in healthy adults: Interim findings from a phase 2, randomised, dose-finding, multicentre study. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2022, 22(5), 636-648. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00764-7 PMID: 35090638
  132. Bravo, L.; Smolenov, I.; Han, H.H.; Li, P.; Hosain, R.; Rockhold, F.; Clemens, S.A.C.; Roa, C., Jr; Borja-Tabora, C.; Quinsaat, A.; Lopez, P.; López-Medina, E.; Brochado, L.; Hernández, E.A.; Reynales, H.; Medina, T.; Velasquez, H.; Toloza, L.B.; Rodriguez, E.J.; de Salazar, D.I.M.; Rodríguez, C.A.; Sprinz, E.; Cerbino-Neto, J.; Luz, K.G.; Schwarzbold, A.V.; Paiva, M.S.; Carlos, J.; Montellano, M.E.B.; de Los Reyes, M.R.A.; Yu, C.Y.; Alberto, E.R.; Panaligan, M.M.; Salvani-Bautista, M.; Buntinx, E.; Hites, M.; Martinot, J.B.; Bhorat, Q.E.; Badat, A.; Baccarini, C.; Hu, B.; Jurgens, J.; Engelbrecht, J.; Ambrosino, D.; Richmond, P.; Siber, G.; Liang, J.; Clemens, R. Efficacy of the adjuvanted subunit protein COVID-19 vaccine, SCB-2019: A phase 2 and 3 multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2022, 399(10323), 461-472. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00055-1 PMID: 35065705
  133. Abdoli, A.; Aalizadeh, R.; Aminianfar, H.; Kianmehr, Z.; Teimoori, A.; Azimi, E.; Emamipour, N.; Eghtedardoost, M.; Siavashi, V.; Jamshidi, H.; Hosseinpour, M.; Taqavian, M.; Jalili, H. Safety and potency of BIV1-CovIran inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2: A preclinical study. Rev. Med. Virol., 2022, 32(3), e2305. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2305 PMID: 34699647
  134. Más-Bermejo, P.I.; Dickinson-Meneses, F.O.; Almenares-Rodríguez, K.; Sánchez-Valdés, L.; Guinovart-Díaz, R.; Vidal-Ledo, M.; Galbán-García, E.; Olivera-Nodarse, Y.; Morgado-Vega, I.; Dueñas-Carrera, S.; Pujol, M.; Hernández-Bernal, F.; Limonta-Fernández, M.; Guillén-Nieto, G.; Muzio-González, V.L.; Ayala-Ávila, M. Cuban Abdala vaccine: Effectiveness in preventing severe disease and death from COVID-19 in Havana, Cuba; A cohort study. Lancet Regional Health - Americas, 2022, 16, 100366. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100366 PMID: 36185968
  135. Larkin, H.D. Novavax COVID-19 vaccine booster authorized. JAMA, 2022, 328(21), 2101. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.20028 PMID: 36472611
  136. Jaggaiahgari, S.; Munigela, A.; Mitnala, S.; Gujjarlapudi, D.; Simhadri, V.; D, N.R. Heterologous booster dose with CORBEVAX following primary vaccination with COVISHIELD Enhances protection against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines, 2022, 10(12), 2146. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10122146 PMID: 36560556
  137. Song, J.Y.; Choi, W.S.; Heo, J.Y.; Lee, J.S.; Jung, D.S.; Kim, S.W.; Park, K.H.; Eom, J.S.; Jeong, S.J.; Lee, J.; Kwon, K.T.; Choi, H.J.; Sohn, J.W.; Kim, Y.K.; Noh, J.Y.; Kim, W.J.; Roman, F.; Ceregido, M.A.; Solmi, F.; Philippot, A.; Walls, A.C.; Carter, L.; Veesler, D.; King, N.P.; Kim, H.; Ryu, J.H.; Lee, S.J.; Park, Y.W.; Park, H.K.; Cheong, H.J. Safety and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein nanoparticle vaccine (GBP510) adjuvanted with AS03: A randomised, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded phase 1/2 trial. EClinical Med., 2022, 51, 101569. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101569 PMID: 35879941
  138. Nguyen, T.P.; Do, Q.; Phan, L.T.; Dinh, D.V.; Khong, H.; Hoang, L.V.; Nguyen, T.V.; Pham, H.N.; Chu, M.V.; Nguyen, T.T.; Pham, Q.D.; Le, T.M.; Trang, T.N.T.; Dinh, T.T.; Vo, T.V.; Vu, T.T.; Nguyen, Q.B.P.; Phan, V.T.; Nguyen, L.V.; Nguyen, G.T.; Tran, P.M.; Nghiem, T.D.; Tran, T.V.; Nguyen, T.G.; Tran, T.Q.; Nguyen, L.T.; Do, A.T.; Nguyen, D.D.; Ho, S.A.; Nguyen, V.T.; Pham, D.T.; Tran, H.B.; Vu, S.T.; Hoang, S.X.; Do, T.M.; Ngoc, H.V.; Nguyen, X.T.; Le, G.Q.; Tran, T.; Cao, T.M.; Dao, H.M.; Nguyen, T.T.T.; Doan, U.Y.; Le, V.T.T.; Tran, L.P.; Nguyen, N.M.; Nguyen, N.T.; Pham, H.T.T.; Nguyen, Q.H.; Nguyen, H.T.; Nguyen, H.L.K.; Tran, V.T.; Tran, M.T.N.; Nguyen, T.T.T.; Ha, P.T.; Huynh, H.T.; Nguyen, K.D.; Thuan, U.T.; Doan, C.C.; Do, S.M. Safety and immunogenicity of Nanocovax, a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine: Interim results of a double-blind, randomised controlled phase 1 and 2 trial. Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 2022, 24, 100474. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100474 PMID: 35602004
  139. Dolgin, E. CureVac COVID vaccine let-down spotlights mRNA design challenges. Nature, 2021, 594(7864), 483. doi: 10.1038/d41586-021-01661-0 PMID: 34145413
  140. Hager, K.J.; Pérez Marc, G.; Gobeil, P.; Diaz, R.S.; Heizer, G.; Llapur, C.; Makarkov, A.I.; Vasconcellos, E.; Pillet, S.; Riera, F.; Saxena, P.; Geller Wolff, P.; Bhutada, K.; Wallace, G.; Aazami, H.; Jones, C.E.; Polack, F.P.; Ferrara, L.; Atkins, J.; Boulay, I.; Dhaliwall, J.; Charland, N.; Couture, M.M.J.; Jiang-Wright, J.; Landry, N.; Lapointe, S.; Lorin, A.; Mahmood, A.; Moulton, L.H.; Pahmer, E.; Parent, J.; Séguin, A.; Tran, L.; Breuer, T.; Ceregido, M.A.; Koutsoukos, M.; Roman, F.; Namba, J.; D’Aoust, M.A.; Trepanier, S.; Kimura, Y.; Ward, B.J. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant plant-based adjuvanted Covid-19 vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med., 2022, 386(22), 2084-2096. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2201300 PMID: 35507508
  141. Pilapitiya, D.; Wheatley, A.K.; Tan, H.X. Mucosal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: triumph of hope over experience. EBioMedicine, 2023, 92, 104585. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104585 PMID: 37146404
  142. Wang, C.Y.; Hwang, K.P.; Kuo, H.K.; Peng, W.J.; Shen, Y.H.; Kuo, B.S.; Huang, J.H.; Liu, H.; Ho, Y.H.; Lin, F.; Ding, S.; Liu, Z.; Wu, H.T.; Huang, C.T.; Lee, Y.J.; Liu, M.C.; Yang, Y.C.; Lu, P.L.; Tsai, H.C.; Lee, C.H.; Shi, Z.Y.; Liu, C.E.; Liao, C.H.; Chang, F.Y.; Chen, H.C.; Wang, F.D.; Hou, K.L.; Cheng, J.; Wang, M.S.; Yang, Y.T.; Chiu, H.C.; Jiang, M.H.; Shih, H.Y.; Shen, H.Y.; Chang, P.Y.; Lan, Y.R.; Chen, C.T.; Lin, Y.L.; Liang, J.J.; Liao, C.C.; Chou, Y.C.; Morris, M.K.; Hanson, C.V.; Guirakhoo, F.; Hellerstein, M.; Yu, H.J.; King, C.C.; Kemp, T.; Heppner, D.G.; Monath, T.P. A multitope SARS-CoV-2 vaccine provides long-lasting B cell and T cell immunity against Delta and Omicron variants. J. Clin. Invest., 2022, 132(10), e157707. doi: 10.1172/JCI157707 PMID: 35316221
  143. Hashimoto, M.; Nagata, N.; Homma, T.; Maeda, H.; Dohi, K.; Seki, N.M.; Yoshihara, K.; Iwata-Yoshikawa, N.; Shiwa-Sudo, N.; Sakai, Y.; Shirakura, M.; Kishida, N.; Arita, T.; Suzuki, Y.; Watanabe, S.; Asanuma, H.; Sonoyama, T.; Suzuki, T.; Omoto, S.; Hasegawa, H. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant S-protein vaccine S-268019-b in cynomolgus monkeys. Vaccine, 2022, 40(31), 4231-4241. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.05.081 PMID: 35691872
  144. Janssen, Y.F.; Feitsma, E.A.; Boersma, H.H.; Alleva, D.G.; Lancaster, T.M.; Sathiyaseelan, T.; Murikipudi, S.; Delpero, A.R.; Scully, M.M.; Ragupathy, R.; Kotha, S.; Haworth, J.R.; Shah, N.J.; Rao, V.; Nagre, S.; Ronca, S.E.; Green, F.M.; Aminetzah, A.; Sollie, F.; Kruijff, S.; Brom, M.; van Dam, G.M.; Zion, T.C. Phase I interim results of a phase I/II study of the IgG-Fc fusion COVID-19 subunit vaccine, AKS-452. Vaccine, 2022, 40(9), 1253-1260. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.043 PMID: 35115195
  145. Torales, J.; Cuenca-Torres, O.; Barrios, L.; Armoa-Garcia, L.; Estigarribia, G.; Sanabria, G.; Lin, M.Y.; Antonio Estrada, J.; Estephan, L.; Cheng, H.Y.; Chen, C.; Janssen, R.; Lien, C.E. An evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of MVC-COV1901: Results of an interim analysis of a phase III, parallel group, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled immunobridging study in Paraguay. Vaccine, 2023, 41(1), 109-118. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.030 PMID: 36404171
  146. Lazarus, R.; Taucher, C.; Brown, C.; Čorbic Ramljak, I.; Danon, L.; Dubischar, K.; Duncan, C.J.A.; Eder-Lingelbach, S.; Faust, S.N.; Green, C.; Gokani, K.; Hochreiter, R.; Wright, J.K.; Kwon, D.; Middleditch, A.; Munro, A.P.S.; Naker, K.; Penciu, F.; Price, D.; Querton, B.; Riaz, T.; Ross-Russell, A.; Sanchez-Gonzalez, A.; Wardle, H.; Warren, S.; Finn, A. Safety and immunogenicity of the inactivated whole-virus adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccine VLA2001: A randomized, dose escalation, double-blind phase 1/2 clinical trial in healthy adults. J. Infect., 2022, 85(3), 306-317. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.06.009 PMID: 35718205
  147. Banihashemi, S.R.; Es-haghi, A.; Fallah Mehrabadi, M.H.; Nofeli, M.; Mokarram, A.R.; Ranjbar, A.; Salman, M.; Hajimoradi, M.; Razaz, S.H.; Taghdiri, M.; Bagheri, M.; Dadar, M.; Hassan, Z.M.; Eslampanah, M.; Salehi, Z.; Lotfi, M.; Khorasani, A.; Rahmani, F. Safety and efficacy of combined intramuscular/intranasal RAZI-COV PARS vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2: A preclinical study in several animal models. Front. Immunol., 2022, 13, 836745. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836745 PMID: 35693788
  148. Hannawi, S.; Saifeldin, L.; Abuquta, A.; Alamadi, A.; Mahmoud, S.A.; Hassan, A.; Liu, D.; Yan, L.; Xie, L. Safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent SARS-CoV-2 protein booster vaccine, SCTV01C, in adults previously vaccinated with mRNA vaccine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 clinical trial. EBioMedicine, 2023, 87, 104386. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104386 PMID: 36470077
  149. Wang, J.; Mai, X.; He, Y.; Zhu, C.; Zhou, D. IgG1-dominant antibody response induced by recombinant trimeric SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with PIKA adjuvant. Vaccines, 2023, 11(4), 827. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11040827 PMID: 37112739
  150. Low, J.G.; de Alwis, R.; Chen, S.; Kalimuddin, S.; Leong, Y.S.; Mah, T.K.L.; Yuen, N.; Tan, H.C.; Zhang, S.L.; Sim, J.X.Y.; Chan, Y.F.Z.; Syenina, A.; Yee, J.X.; Ong, E.Z.; Sekulovich, R.; Sullivan, B.B.; Lindert, K.; Sullivan, S.M.; Chivukula, P.; Hughes, S.G.; Ooi, E.E. A phase I/II randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of a self-amplifying Covid-19 mRNA vaccine. NPJ Vaccines, 2022, 7(1), 161. doi: 10.1038/s41541-022-00590-x PMID: 36513697
  151. Tabarsi, P.; Anjidani, N.; Shahpari, R.; Roshanzamir, K.; Fallah, N.; Andre, G.; Petrovsky, N.; Barati, S. Immunogenicity and safety of SpikoGen®, an adjuvanted recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccine as a homologous and heterologous booster vaccination: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Immunology, 2022, 167(3), 340-353. doi: 10.1111/imm.13540 PMID: 35758850
  152. Sunagar, R.; Prasad, S.D.; Ella, R.; Vadrevu, K.M. Preclinical evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of a primary series intranasal COVID-19 vaccine candidate (BBV154) and humoral immunogenicity evaluation of a heterologous prime-boost strategy with COVAXIN (BBV152). Front. Immunol., 2022, 13, 1063679. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1063679 PMID: 36569867
  153. Kaabi, N.A.; Yang, Y.K.; Du, L.F.; Xu, K.; Shao, S.; Liang, Y.; Kang, Y.; Su, J.G.; Zhang, J.; Yang, T.; Hussein, S.; ElDein, M.S.; Yang, S.S.; Lei, W.; Gao, X.J.; Jiang, Z.; Cong, X.; Tan, Y.; Wang, H.; Li, M.; Mekki, H.M.; Zaher, W.; Mahmoud, S.; Zhang, X.; Qu, C.; Liu, D.Y.; Zhang, J.; Yang, M.; Eltantawy, I.; Hou, J.W.; Lei, Z.H.; Xiao, P.; Wang, Z.N.; Yin, J.L.; Mao, X.Y.; Zhang, J.; Qu, L.; Zhang, Y.T.; Yang, X.M.; Wu, G.; Li, Q.M. Safety and immunogenicity of a hybrid-type vaccine booster in BBIBP-CorV recipients in a randomized phase 2 trial. Nat. Commun., 2022, 13(1), 3654. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31379-0 PMID: 35760812
  154. Zhang, Z.; He, Q.; Zhao, W.; Li, Y.; Yang, J.; Hu, Z.; Chen, X.; Peng, H.; Fu, Y.X.; Chen, L.; Lu, L. A heterologous V-01 or variant-matched bivalent V-01D-351 booster following primary series of inactivated vaccine enhances the neutralizing capacity against SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron strains. J. Clin. Med., 2022, 11(14), 4164. doi: 10.3390/jcm11144164 PMID: 35887928
  155. Pajon, R.; Doria-Rose, N.A.; Shen, X.; Schmidt, S.D.; O’Dell, S.; McDanal, C.; Feng, W.; Tong, J.; Eaton, A.; Maglinao, M.; Tang, H.; Manning, K.E.; Edara, V.V.; Lai, L.; Ellis, M.; Moore, K.M.; Floyd, K.; Foster, S.L.; Posavad, C.M.; Atmar, R.L.; Lyke, K.E.; Zhou, T.; Wang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Gaudinski, M.R.; Black, W.P.; Gordon, I.; Guech, M.; Ledgerwood, J.E.; Misasi, J.N.; Widge, A.; Sullivan, N.J.; Roberts, P.C.; Beigel, J.H.; Korber, B.; Baden, L.R.; El Sahly, H.; Chalkias, S.; Zhou, H.; Feng, J.; Girard, B.; Das, R.; Aunins, A.; Edwards, D.K.; Suthar, M.S.; Mascola, J.R.; Montefiori, D.C. SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant neutralization after mRNA-1273 booster vaccination. N. Engl. J. Med., 2022, 386(11), 1088-1091. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2119912 PMID: 35081298
  156. Tan, NH; Geers, D; Sablerolles, RSG; Rietdijk, WJR; Goorhuis, A; Postma, DF; Visser, LG; Bogers, S; van Dijk, LLA; Gommers, L; van Leeuwen, LPM; Boerma, A; Nijhof, SH; van Dort, KA; Koopmans, MPG; Dalm, VASH; Lafeber, M; Kootstra, NA; Huckriede, ALW; van Baarle, D; Zaeck, LM Immunogenicity of bivalent omicron (BA.1) booster vaccination after different priming regimens in health-care workers in the Netherlands (SWITCH ON): Results from the direct boost group of an open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis, 2023, 23(8), 901-913. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00140-8

补充文件

附件文件
动作
1. JATS XML

版权所有 © Bentham Science Publishers, 2024