Impact of Statin or Fibrate Therapy on Homocysteine Concentrations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Introduction:Statins and fibrates are two lipid-lowering drugs used in patients with dyslipidemia. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the magnitude of the effect of statin and fibrate therapy on serum homocysteine levels.

Methods:A search was undertaken of the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar electronic databases up to 15 July 2022. Primary endpoints focused on plasma homocysteine levels. Data were quantitatively analyzed using fixed or random- effect models, as appropriate. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the drugs and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of statins.

Results:After screening 1134 papers, 52 studies with a total of 20651 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The analysis showed a significant decrease in plasma homocysteine levels after statin therapy (WMD: -1.388 µmol/L, 95% CI: [-2.184, -0.592], p = 0.001; I2 = 95%). However, fibrate therapy significantly increased plasma homocysteine levels (WMD: 3.459 µmol/L, 95% CI: [2.849, 4.069], p < 0.001; I2 = 98%). The effect of atorvastatin and simvastatin depended on the dose and duration of treatment (atorvastatin [coefficient: 0.075 [0.0132, 0.137]; p = 0.017, coefficient: 0.103 [0.004, 0.202]; p = 0.040, respectively] and simvastatin [coefficient: -0.047 [-0.063, -0.031]; p < 0.001, coefficient: 0.046 [0.016, 0.078]; p = 0.004]), whereas the effect of fenofibrate persisted over time (coefficient: 0.007 [-0.011, 0.026]; p = 0.442) and was not altered by a change in dosage (coefficient: -0.004 [-0.031, 0.024]; p = 0.798). In addition, the greater homocysteine- lowering effect of statins was associated with higher baseline plasma homocysteine concentrations (coefficient: -0.224 [-0.340, -0.109]; p < 0.001).

Conclusion:Fibrates significantly increased homocysteine levels, whereas statins significantly decreased them.

About the authors

Abolfazl Akbari

Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Muhammad Islampanah

Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Hadise Arhaminiya

Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Mohammad Mahdi Alvandi Fard

Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Tannaz Jamialahmadi

Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Amirhossein Sahebkar

Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

References

  1. Mangge, H.; Becker, K.; Fuchs, D.; Gostner, J.M. Antioxidants, inflammation and cardiovascular disease. World J. Cardiol., 2014, 6(6), 462-477. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i6.462 PMID: 24976919
  2. Chen, P.J.; Lu, Y.C.; Wang, P.M.; Huang, C.F.; Loke, S.S. Factors associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in relatively healthy Taiwanese adults. Medicine, 2021, 100(3), e23829. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000023829 PMID: 33545948
  3. Liu, R.; Xu, F.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, T. The characteristics of risk factors in Chinese young women with acute coronary syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 2020, 20(1), 290. doi: 10.1186/s12872-020-01577-z PMID: 32532208
  4. Akbari, A.; Rafiee, M.; Sathyapalan, T.; Sahebkar, A. Impacts of sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on circulating uric acid concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Diabetes Res., 2022, 2022, 1-17. doi: 10.1155/2022/7520632 PMID: 35224108
  5. Venes, D. Taber’s cyclopedic medical dictionary; FA Davis, 2017.
  6. Faeh, D.; Chiolero, A.; Paccaud, F. Homocysteine as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: Should we (still) worry about? Swiss Med. Wkly., 2006, 136(47-48), 745-756. PMID: 17225194
  7. Ganguly, P.; Alam, S.F. Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nutr. J., 2015, 14(1), 6. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-14-6 PMID: 25577237
  8. Zhao, J.; Chen, H.; Liu, N.; Chen, J.; Gu, Y.; Chen, J.; Yang, K. Role of hyperhomocysteinemia and hyperuricemia in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis., 2017, 26(12), 2695-2699. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.10.012 PMID: 28986198
  9. Gatt, A.; Makris, M. Hyperhomocysteinemia and venous thrombosis. Semin. Hematol., 2007, 44(2), 70-76. doi: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2007.01.002 PMID: 17433898
  10. Durand, P.; Prost, M.; Loreau, N.; Lussier-Cacan, S.; Blache, D. Impaired homocysteine metabolism and atherothrombotic disease. Lab. Invest., 2001, 81(5), 645-672. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.3780275 PMID: 11351038
  11. Selhub, J.; Jacques, P.F.; Rosenberg, I.H.; Rogers, G.; Bowman, B.A.; Gunter, E.W.; Wright, J.D.; Johnson, C.L. Serum total homocysteine concentrations in the third national health and nutrition examination survey (1991-1994): Population reference ranges and contribution of vitamin status to high serum concentrations. Ann. Intern. Med., 1999, 131(5), 331-339. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-131-5-199909070-00003 PMID: 10475885
  12. Kim, J.; Kim, H.; Roh, H.; Kwon, Y. Causes of hyperhomocysteinemia and its pathological significance. Arch. Pharm. Res., 2018, 41(4), 372-383. doi: 10.1007/s12272-018-1016-4 PMID: 29552692
  13. Sahebkar, A.; Pirro, M.; Reiner, Ž.; Cicero, A.; Ferretti, G.; Simental-Mendía, M.; Simental-Mendía, L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials on the effects of statin and fibrate therapies on plasma homocysteine levels. Curr. Med. Chem., 2016, 23(39), 4490-4503. doi: 10.2174/0929867323666161007155310 PMID: 27748179
  14. Zinellu, A.; Mangoni, A.A. Effect of statin treatment on homocysteine concentrations: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol., 2022, 15(4), 443-459. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2072293 PMID: 35482022
  15. Bahrami, A.; Bo, S.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on ageing: Molecular mechanisms. Ageing Res. Rev., 2020, 58, 101024. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101024 PMID: 32006687
  16. Bland, A.R.; Payne, F.M.; Ashton, J.C.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. The cardioprotective actions of statins in targeting mitochondrial dysfunction associated with myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Pharmacol. Res., 2022, 175, 105986. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105986 PMID: 34800627
  17. Gorabi, A.M.; Kiaie, N.; Bianconi, V.; Pirro, M.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Statins attenuate fibrotic manifestations of cardiac tissue damage. Curr. Mol. Pharmacol., 2021, 14(5), 782-797. doi: 10.2174/1874467214666210210123206 PMID: 33568040
  18. Sohrevardi, S.; Nasab, F.; Mirjalili, M.; Bagherniya, M.; Tafti, A.; Jarrahzadeh, M.; Azarpazhooh, M.; Saeidmanesh, M.; Banach, M.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Effect of atorvastatin on delirium status of patients in the intensive care unit: A randomized controlled trial. Arch. Med. Sci., 2019, 17(5), 1423-1428. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2019.89330 PMID: 34522273
  19. Vahedian-Azimi, A.; Mohammadi, S.; Beni, F.; Banach, M.; Guest, P.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Improved COVID-19 ICU admission and mortality outcomes following treatment with statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Med. Sci., 2021, 17(3), 579-595. doi: 10.5114/aoms/132950 PMID: 34025827
  20. Botta, M.; Audano, M.; Sahebkar, A.; Sirtori, C.; Mitro, N.; Ruscica, M. PPAR agonists and metabolic syndrome: An established role? Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2018, 19(4), 1197. doi: 10.3390/ijms19041197 PMID: 29662003
  21. Derosa, G.; Sahebkar, A.; Maffioli, P. The role of various peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands in clinical practice. J. Cell. Physiol., 2018, 233(1), 153-161. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25804 PMID: 28098353
  22. Sahebkar, A.; Chew, G.T.; Watts, G.F. Recent advances in pharmacotherapy for hypertriglyceridemia. Prog. Lipid Res., 2014, 56(1), 47-66. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.07.002 PMID: 25083925
  23. Banach, M.; Serban, C.; Ursoniu, S.; Rysz, J.; Muntner, P.; Toth, P.P.; Jones, S.R.; Rizzo, M.; Glasser, S.P.; Watts, G.F.; Blumenthal, R.S.; Lip, G.Y.H.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Sahebkar, A. Statin therapy and plasma coenzyme Q10 concentrations-A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo- controlled trials. Pharmacol. Res., 2015, 99, 329-336. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.07.008 PMID: 26192349
  24. Bytyçi, I.; Penson, P.E.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Wong, N.D.; Hernandez, A.V.; Sahebkar, A.; Thompson, P.D.; Mazidi, M.; Rysz, J.; Pella, D.; Reiner, Ž.; Toth, P.P.; Banach, M. Prevalence of statin intolerance: A meta-analysis. Eur. Heart J., 2022, 43(34), 3213-3223. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac015 PMID: 35169843
  25. Sahebkar, A.; Cicero, A.F.G.; Di Giosia, P.; Pomilio, I.; Stamerra, C.A.; Giorgini, P.; Ferri, C.; Haehling, S.; Banach, M.; Jamialahmadi, T. Pathophysiological mechanisms of statin-associated myopathies: Possible role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2020, 11(5), 1177-1186. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12579 PMID: 32743965
  26. Scott, R.; O’Brien, R.; Fulcher, G.; Pardy, C.; d’Emden, M.; Tse, D.; Taskinen, M.R.; Ehnholm, C.; Keech, A. Effects of fenofibrate treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in 9,795 individuals with type 2 diabetes and various components of the metabolic syndrome: The Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study. Diabetes Care, 2009, 32(3), 493-498. doi: 10.2337/dc08-1543 PMID: 18984774
  27. Yebyo, H.G.; Aschmann, H.E.; Kaufmann, M.; Puhan, M.A. Comparative effectiveness and safety of statins as a class and of specific statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis of randomized trials with 94,283 participants. Am. Heart J., 2019, 210, 18-28. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.12.007 PMID: 30716508
  28. Sahebkar, A.; Chew, G.T.; Watts, G.F. New peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists: Potential treatments for atherogenic dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin. Pharmacother., 2014, 15(4), 493-503. doi: 10.1517/14656566.2014.876992 PMID: 24428677
  29. Ibarra-Lara, L.; Sánchez-Aguilar, M.; Sánchez-Mendoza, A.; Del Valle-Mondragón, L.; Soria-Castro, E.; Carreón- Torres, E.; Díaz-Díaz, E.; Vázquez-Meza, H.; Guarner-Lans, V.; Rubio-Ruiz, M. Fenofibrate therapy restores antioxidant protection and improves myocardial insulin resistance in a rat model of metabolic syndrome and myocardial ischemia: The role of angiotensin II. Molecules, 2016, 22(1), 31. doi: 10.3390/molecules22010031 PMID: 28036029
  30. Tziomalos, K.; Athyros, V.; Karagiannis, A.; Mikhailidis, D. Anti-inflammatory effects of fibrates: An overview. Curr. Med. Chem., 2009, 16(6), 676-684. doi: 10.2174/092986709787458416 PMID: 19199931
  31. Ferretti, G.; Bacchetti, T.; Sahebkar, A. Effect of statin therapy on paraoxonase-1 status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 clinical trials. Prog. Lipid Res., 2015, 60, 50-73. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.08.003 PMID: 26416579
  32. Parizadeh, S.M.R.; Azarpazhooh, M.R.; Moohebati, M.; Nematy, M.; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M.; Tavallaie, S.; Rahsepar, A.A.; Amini, M.; Sahebkar, A.; Mohammadi, M.; Ferns, G.A.A. Simvastatin therapy reduces prooxidant-antioxidant balance: Results of a placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Lipids, 2011, 46(4), 333-340. doi: 10.1007/s11745-010-3517-x PMID: 21207250
  33. Sahebkar, A.; Kotani, K.; Serban, C.; Ursoniu, S.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Jones, S.R.; Ray, K.K.; Blaha, M.J.; Rysz, J.; Toth, P.P.; Muntner, P.; Lip, G.Y.H.; Banach, M. Statin therapy reduces plasma endothelin-1 concentrations: A meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis, 2015, 241(2), 433-442. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.022 PMID: 26074317
  34. Sahebkar, A.; Serban, C.; Mikhailidis, D.P.; Undas, A.; Lip, G.Y.H.; Muntner, P.; Bittner, V.; Ray, K.K.; Watts, G.F.; Hovingh, G.K.; Rysz, J.; Kastelein, J.J.; Banach, M. Association between statin use and plasma D-dimer levels. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Thromb. Haemost., 2015, 114(3), 546-557. PMID: 26017749
  35. Page, M.J.; Moher, D.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Boutron, I.; Hoffmann, T.C.; Mulrow, C.D.; Shamseer, L.; Tetzlaff, J.M.; Akl, E.A.; Brennan, S.E.; Chou, R.; Glanville, J.; Grimshaw, J.M.; Hróbjartsson, A.; Lalu, M.M.; Li, T.; Loder, E.W.; Mayo-Wilson, E.; McDonald, S.; McGuinness, L.A.; Stewart, L.A.; Thomas, J.; Tricco, A.C.; Welch, V.A.; Whiting, P.; McKenzie, J.E. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 2021, 372, n160. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n160 PMID: 33781993
  36. Wan, X.; Wang, W.; Liu, J.; Tong, T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 2014, 14(1), 135. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-14-135 PMID: 25524443
  37. Bissonnette, R.; Treacy, E.; Rozen, R.; Boucher, B.; Cohn, J.S.; Genest, J., Jr Fenofibrate raises plasma homocysteine levels in the fasted and fed states. Atherosclerosis, 2001, 155(2), 455-462. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00584-0 PMID: 11254917
  38. Chan, N.; Chan, J.C.N. Implication of fibrate therapy for homocysteine. Lancet, 1999, 354(9185), 1208-1209. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75416-7 PMID: 10513737
  39. Cicero, A.F.G.; Derosa, G.; Miconi, A.; Laghi, L.; Nascetti, S.; Gaddi, A. Possible role of ubiquinone in the treatment of massive hypertriglyceridemia resistant to PUFA and fibrates. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2005, 59(6), 312-317. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2004.09.014 PMID: 15932792
  40. Jakob, T.; Nordmann, A.J.; Schandelmaier, S.; Ferreira- González, I.; Briel, M. Fibrates for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease events. Cochrane Libr., 2016, 2017(3), CD009753. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009753.pub2 PMID: 27849333
  41. Koutouzis, M.; Nomikos, A.; Nikolidakis, S.; Tzavara, V.; Andrikopoulos, V.; Nikolaou, N.; Barbatis, C.; Kyriakides, Z.S. Statin treated patients have reduced intraplaque angiogenesis in carotid endarterectomy specimens. Atherosclerosis, 2007, 192(2), 457-463. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.01.035 PMID: 17335827
  42. Lever, M.; George, P.M.; Slow, S.; Elmslie, J.L.; Scott, R.S.; Richards, A.M.; Fink, J.N.; Chambers, S.T. Fibrates may cause an abnormal urinary betaine loss which is associated with elevations in plasma homocysteine. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 2009, 23(5), 395-401. doi: 10.1007/s10557-009-6188-1 PMID: 19653086
  43. Makówka, A.; Dryja, P.; Chwatko, G.; Bald, E.; Nowicki, M. Treatment of chronic hemodialysis patients with low- dose fenofibrate effectively reduces plasma lipids and affects plasma redox status. Lipids Health Dis., 2012, 11(1), 47. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-11-47 PMID: 22564753
  44. Malik, J.; Melenovsky, V.; Wichterle, D.; Haas, T.; Simek, J.; Ceska, R.; Hradec, J. Both fenofibrate and atorvastatin improve vascular reactivity in combined hyperlipidaemia (fenofibrate versus atorvastatin trial - FAT). Cardiovasc. Res., 2001, 52(2), 290-298. doi: 10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00382-0 PMID: 11684077
  45. Mayer, O., Jr; Šimon, J.; Holubec, L.; Pikner, R.; Trefil, L. Folate co-administration improves the effectiveness of fenofibrate to decrease the lipoprotein oxidation and endothelial dysfunction surrogates. Physiol. Res., 2006, 55(5), 475-481. doi: 10.33549/physiolres.930856 PMID: 16343039
  46. Mayer, O., Jr; Šimon, J.; Holubec, L.; Pikner, R.; Šubrt, I. Fenofibrate-induced hyperhomocysteinemia may be prevented by folate co-administration. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2003, 59(5-6), 367-371. doi: 10.1007/s00228-003-0616-0 PMID: 12845504
  47. Nanayakkara, P.W.B.; Kiefte-de Jong, J.C.; Stehouwer, C.D.A.; van Ittersum, F.J.; Olthof, M.R.; Kok, R.M.; Blom, H.J.; van Guldener, C.; ter Wee, P.M.; Smulders, Y.M. Association between global leukocyte DNA methylation, renal function, carotid intima-media thickness and plasma homocysteine in patients with stage 2-4 chronic kidney disease. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2008, 23(8), 2586-2592. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfn040 PMID: 18287179
  48. Nanayakkara, P.W.B.; Kiefte-de Jong, J.C.; ter Wee, P.M.; Stehouwer, C.D.A.; van Ittersum, F.J.; Olthof, M.R.; Teerlink, T.; Twisk, J.W.R.; van Guldener, C.; Smulders, Y.M. Randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing a treatment strategy consisting of pravastatin, vitamin E, and homocysteine lowering on plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine concentration in mild to moderate CKD. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2009, 53(1), 41-50. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.06.016 PMID: 18786751
  49. Sbarouni, E.; Kyriakides, Z.S.; Kremastinos, D.T. The effect of hormone replacement therapy and simvastatin on plasma homocysteine. J. Womens Health, 2005, 14(2), 154-158. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2005.14.154 PMID: 15775733
  50. Sinzinger, H.; Steiner, S.; Derfler, K. Pleiotropic effects of regular lipoprotein-apheresis. Atheroscler. Suppl., 2017, 30, 122-127. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.032 PMID: 29096827
  51. Veringa, S.J.E.; Nanayakkara, P.W.B.; Ittersum, F.J.; Vegting, I.L.; Guldener, C.; Wee, Y.M.S.P.M.; Stehouwer, C.D.A.; Stehouwer, C.D. Effect of a treatment strategy consisting of pravastatin, vitamin E, and homocysteine lowering on arterial compliance and distensibility in patients with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease. Clin. Nephrol., 2012, 78(10), 263-272. doi: 10.5414/CN107439 PMID: 22981031
  52. Wenaweser, P.; Windecker, S.; Billinger, M.; Cook, S.; Togni, M.; Meier, B.; Haeberli, A.; Hess, O.M. Effect of atorvastatin and pravastatin on platelet inhibition by aspirin and clopidogrel treatment in patients with coronary stent thrombosis. Am. J. Cardiol., 2007, 99(3), 353-356. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.08.036 PMID: 17261397
  53. Hovland, A.; Aagnes, I.; Brekke, O.L.; Flage, J.H.; Lappegård, K.T. No evidence of impaired endothelial function or altered inflammatory state in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia treated with statins. J. Clin. Lipidol., 2010, 4(4), 288-292. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2010.02.011 PMID: 21122661
  54. El Oudi, M.; Aouni, Z.; Ouertani, H.; Mazigh, C.; Machghoul, S. Effect of lipopenic and hypotensive treatment on homocysteine levels in type 2 diabetics. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2010, 6, 327-332. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S8240 PMID: 20531951
  55. Stulc, T.; Ceska, R.; Kozich, V.; Skrha, J. 2P-0372 Fenofibrate but not simvastatin increases serum homocysteine and creatinine in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atheroscler. Suppl., 2003, 4(2), 120. doi: 10.1016/S1567-5688(03)90515-0
  56. Dierkes, J.; Westphal, S.; Luley, C. Serum homocysteine increases after therapy with fenofibrate or bezafibrate. Lancet, 1999, 354(9174), 219-220. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)02153-4 PMID: 10421307
  57. Feng, Y.; Liang, W.; Liang, W.; Xiao, X.; Zhang, Y. Effects of XueZhiTong capsules on chronic kidney disease patients with dyslipidemia. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 2022, 21(1), 177-183.
  58. Potaczek, D.P.; Undas, A.; Celinska-Lowenhoff, M.; Szczeklik, A. The I allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism may determine an increase in homocysteine levels in fibrate-treated subjects. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 2006, 20(3), 229-232. doi: 10.1007/s10557-006-8374-8 PMID: 16779534
  59. Pytel, E.; Jackowska, P.; Chwatko, G.; Olszewska-Banaszczyk, M.; Koter-Michalak, M.; Kubalczyk, P.; Broncel, M. Intensive statin therapy, used alone or in combination with ezetimibe, improves homocysteine level and lipid peroxidation to a similar degree in patients with coronary artery diseases. Pharmacol. Rep., 2016, 68(2), 344-348. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.08.019 PMID: 26922537
  60. Vladimirova-Kitova, L.G.; Deneva-Koycheva, T.I. The effect of simvastatin on asymmetric dimethylarginine and flow-mediated vasodilation after optimizing the LDL level - A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2012, 56(3-4), 122-130. doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.10.004 PMID: 22108444
  61. Zhou, T.; Mei, J.; Hou, M. Clinical study of double anti- platelet therapy combined with different doses of statin in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction complicated with microhemorrhage. Am. J. Transl. Res., 2021, 13(10), 12043-12050. PMID: 34786140
  62. Peng, Y.; Ou, B.Q.; Li, H.H.; Zhou, Z.; Mo, J.L.; Huang, J.; Liang, F.L. Synergistic effect of atorvastatin and folic acid on cardiac function and ventricular remodeling in chronic heart failure patients with hyperhomocysteinemia. Med. Sci. Monit., 2018, 24, 3744-3751. doi: 10.12659/MSM.906893 PMID: 29863106
  63. Genest, J.; Frohlich, J.; Steiner, G. Effect of fenofibrate- mediated increase in plasma homocysteine on the progression of coronary artery disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 93(7), 848-853. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.12.022 PMID: 15050487
  64. Krysiak, R.; Kowalcze, K.; Bednarska-Czerwińska, A.; Okopień, B. The effect of atorvastatin on cardiometabolic risk factors in women with non-classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A pilot study. Pharmacol. Rep., 2019, 71(3), 417-421. doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.01.014 PMID: 31003151
  65. Mok, C.C.; Wong, C.K.; To, C.H.; Lai, J.P.S.; Lam, C.S. Effects of rosuvastatin on vascular biomarkers and carotid atherosclerosis in lupus: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Care Res., 2011, 63(6), 875-883. doi: 10.1002/acr.20440 PMID: 21309005
  66. Pinchbeck, J.L.; Moxon, J.V.; Rowbotham, S.E.; Bourke, M.; Lazzaroni, S.; Morton, S.K.; Matthews, E.O.; Hendy, K.; Jones, R.E.; Bourke, B.; Jaeggi, R.; Favot, D.; Quigley, F.; Jenkins, J.S.; Reid, C.M.; Velu, R.; Golledge, J. Randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing the effect of 24-week fenofibrate therapy on circulating markers of abdominal aortic aneurysm: Outcomes from the FAME-2 trial. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 2018, 7(19), e009866. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.118.009866 PMID: 30371299
  67. van der Loo, B.; Spring, S.; Koppensteiner, R. High-dose atorvastatin treatment in patients with peripheral arterial disease: Effects on platelet aggregation, blood rheology and plasma homocysteine. Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc., 2011, 47(4), 241-251. doi: 10.3233/CH-2011-1386 PMID: 21654053
  68. Janatuinen, T.; Laakso, J.; Laaksonen, R.; Vesalainen, R.; Nuutila, P.; Lehtimäki, T.; Raitakari, O.T.; Knuuti, J. Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine modifies the effect of pravastatin on myocardial blood flow in young adults. Vasc. Med., 2003, 8(3), 185-189. doi: 10.1191/1358863x03vm490oa PMID: 14989559
  69. Li, C.; Ding, Y.; Si, Q.; Li, K.; Xu, K. Multiple functions of policosanol in elderly patients with dyslipidemia. J. Int. Med. Res., 2020, 48(7), 0300060520936082. doi: 10.1177/0300060520936082 PMID: 32703038
  70. MacCallum, P.K.; Cooper, J.A.; Rumley, A.; Lowe, G.D.O.; Meade, T.W. Effect of bezafibrate on plasma homocysteine concentration in men with lower extremity arterial disease. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2004, 2(2), 346-379. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7933.2004.0584l.x PMID: 14996019
  71. Milionis, H.J.; Papakostas, J.; Kakafika, A.; Chasiotis, G.; Seferiadis, K.; Elisaf, M.S. Comparative effects of atorvastatin, simvastatin, and fenofibrate on serum homocysteine levels in patients with primary hyperlipidemia. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2003, 43(8), 825-830. doi: 10.1177/0091270003255920 PMID: 12953339
  72. Nanayakkara, P.W.B.; van Guldener, C.; ter Wee, P.M.; Scheffer, P.G.; van Ittersum, F.J.; Twisk, J.W.; Teerlink, T.; van Dorp, W.; Stehouwer, C.D. Effect of a treatment strategy consisting of pravastatin, vitamin E, and homocysteine lowering on carotid intima-media thickness, endothelial function, and renal function in patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease: Results from the Anti-Oxidant therapy in chronic renal insufficiency (ATIC) Study. Arch. Intern. Med., 2007, 167(12), 1262-1270. doi: 10.1001/archinte.167.12.1262 PMID: 17592099
  73. Nieminen, T.; Knuuti, J.; Hämelahti, P.; Kähönen, M.; Laaksonen, R.; Janatuinen, T.; Vesalainen, R.; Nuutila, P.; Jokela, H.; Lehtimäki, T. Coronary reactivity, homocysteine and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variation in young men during pravastatin therapy. Vascul. Pharmacol., 2007, 47(2-3), 113-117. doi: 10.1016/j.vph.2007.05.001 PMID: 17574929
  74. Ridker, P.M.; Shih, J.; Cook, T.J.; Clearfield, M.; Downs, J.R.; Pradhan, A.D.; Weis, S.E.; Gotto, A.M., Jr Plasma homocysteine concentration, statin therapy, and the risk of first acute coronary events. Circulation, 2002, 105(15), 1776-1779. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000014447.06099.FB PMID: 11956118
  75. Li, C.; Bu, X.; Liu, Y. Effect of folic acid combined with pravastatin on arteriosclerosis in elderly hypertensive patients with lacunar infarction. Medicine, 2021, 100(28), e26540. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000026540 PMID: 34260532
  76. Deng, Y.; Zou, W.; Chen, G.; Shangguan, S.; Zhou, F.; Jiang, W.; Li, X. Comparative studies on the effects of different doses of atorvastatin combined with aspirin on inflammatory cytokines and carotid plaques in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Int. J. Neurosci., 2019, 129(11), 1133-1138. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1635592 PMID: 31232139
  77. Tan, Q.; Zhang, S.; Zou, X.; Zhao, J.; Hao, J.; Sun, Q. Fluvastatin therapy could not decrease progression of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in non-valvular disease patients. Anatol. J. Cardiol., 2017, 18(2), 103-107. doi: 10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2017.7664 PMID: 28430117
  78. Sebestjen, M.; Keber, I.; Zegura, B.; Simcic, S.; Bozic, M.; Fressart, M.M.; Stegnar, M. Statin and fibrate treatment of combined hyperlipidemia: the effects on some novel risk factors. Thromb. Haemost., 2004, 92(5), 1129-1135. PMID: 15543343
  79. Playford, D.A.; Watts, G.F.; Croft, K.D.; Burke, V. Combined effect of coenzyme Q10 and fenofibrate on forearm microcirculatory function in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis, 2003, 168(1), 169-179. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00417-3 PMID: 12732401
  80. Niafar, M; Bahrami, A; Lotfi Yagin, N; Najafipour, F; Aghamohammadzadeh, N; Sadra, V. Effect of high dose versus low dose of atorvastatin therapy on inflammation and coagulation factors in type 2 diabetic patients; a randomized clinical trial study. Immunopathol Persa, 2019, 5(1), e01-e. doi: 10.15171/ipp.2019.01
  81. Krysiak, R.; Gilowski, W.; Okopien, B. The effect of testosterone and fenofibrate, administered alone or in combination, on cardiometabolic risk factors in men with late-onset hypogonadism and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Cardiovasc. Ther., 2015, 33(5), 270-274. doi: 10.1111/1755-5922.12139 PMID: 26031507
  82. Westphal, S.; Dierkes, J.; Luley, C. Effects of fenofibrate and gemfibrozil on plasma homocysteine. Lancet, 2001, 358(9275), 39-40. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05271-5 PMID: 11454380
  83. Carrero, J.J.; López-Huertas, E.; Salmerón, L.M.; Ramos, V.E.; Baró, L.; Ros, E. Simvastatin and supplementation with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins improves claudication distance in a randomized PILOT study in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Nutr. Res., 2006, 26(12), 637-643. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.09.024
  84. Giral, P.; Bruckert, E.; Jacob, N.; Chapman, M.J.; Foglietti, M.J.; Turpin, G. Homocysteine and lipid lowering agents. A comparison between atorvastatin and fenofibrate in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis, 2001, 154(2), 421-427. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00474-3 PMID: 11166775
  85. Harats, D.; Yodfat, O.; Doolman, R.; Gavendo, S.; Marko, D.; Shaish, A.; Sela, B.A. Homocysteine elevation with fibrates: Is it a class effect? Isr. Med. Assoc. J., 2001, 3(4), 243-246. PMID: 11344833
  86. Herrmann, M.; Whiting, M.J.; Veillard, A.S.; Ehnholm, C.; Sullivan, D.R.; Keech, A.C. Plasma homocysteine and the risk of venous thromboembolism: Insights from the FIELD study. Clin. Chem. Lab. (CCLM), 2012, 50(12), 2213-2219. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0078 PMID: 23093273
  87. Kaya, C.; Cengiz, S.D.; Berker, B.; Demirtaş, S.; Cesur, M.; Erdoğan, G. Comparative effects of atorvastatin and simvastatin on the plasma total homocysteine levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A prospective randomized study. Fertil. Steril., 2009, 92(2), 635-642. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.06.006 PMID: 18692805
  88. Lu, T.M.; Ding, Y.A.; Leu, H.B.; Yin, W.H.; Sheu, W.H.H.; Chu, K.M. Effect of rosuvastatin on plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 94(2), 157-161. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.03.052 PMID: 15246890
  89. Melenovsky, V.; Malik, J.; Wichterle, D.; Simek, J.; Pisarikova, A.; Skrha, J.; Poledne, R.; Stavek, P.; Ceska, R. Comparison of the effects of atorvastatin or fenofibrate on nonlipid biochemical risk factors and the LDL particle size in subjects with combined hyperlipidemia. Am. Heart J., 2002, 144(4), E6. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8703(02)00142-4 PMID: 12360175
  90. Santini, E.; Madec, S.; Corretti, V.; Ferrannini, E.; Solini, A. Effect of statins on soluble CD40 ligand in hypercholesterolemic Type 2 diabetic patients. J. Endocrinol. Invest., 2008, 31(7), 660-665. doi: 10.1007/BF03345621 PMID: 18787388
  91. Syvänne, M.; Whittall, R.A.; Turpeinen, U.; Nieminen, M.S.; Frick, M.H.; Kesäniemi, Y.A.; Pasternack, A.; Humphries, S.E.; Taskinen, M.R. Serum homocysteine concentrations, gemfibrozil treatment, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, 2004, 172(2), 267-272. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.10.003 PMID: 15019536
  92. Vigna, G.B.; Donegà, P.; Zanca, R.; Barban, A.; Passaro, A.; Pansini, F.; Bonaccorsi, G.; Mollica, G.; Fellin, R. Simvastatin, transdermal patch, and oral estrogen-progestogen preparation in early-postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Metabolism, 2002, 51(11), 1463-1470. doi: 10.1053/meta.2002.35584 PMID: 12404199
  93. Vladimirova-Kitova, L.G.; Deneva, T.I.; Marinov, B. Effect of moderate and high-dose simvastatin on asymmetric dimethylarginine-homocysteine metabolic pathways in patients with newly detected severe hypercholesterolemia. Cardiovasc. Ther., 2011, 29(5), 340-348. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00149.x PMID: 20345493
  94. Haak, E.; Abletshauser, C.; Weber, S.; Goedicke, C.; Martin, N.; Hermanns, N.; Lackner, K.; Kusterer, K.; Usadel, K.H.; Haak, T. Fluvastatin therapy improves microcirculation in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis, 2001, 155(2), 395-401. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00567-0 PMID: 11254910
  95. Derosa, G.; Maffioli, P.; Salvadeo, S.A.T.; Ferrari, I.; Gravina, A.; Mereu, R.; Palumbo, I.; D’angelo, A.; Cicero, A.F.G. Fenofibrate, simvastatin and their combination in the management of dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2009, 25(8), 1973-1983. doi: 10.1185/03007990903073159 PMID: 19555253
  96. Davidson, M.H.; Rooney, M.W.; Drucker, J.; Eugene Griffin, H.; Oosman, S.; Beckert, M. Efficacy and tolerability of atorvastatin/fenofibrate fixed-dose combination tablet compared with atorvastatin and fenofibrate monotherapies in patients with dyslipidemia: A 12-week, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study. Clin. Ther., 2009, 31(12), 2824-2838. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.12.007 PMID: 20110022
  97. Feng, T.; Huang, X.; Liang, Q.; Liang, Y.; Yuan, Y.; Feng, L.; Wu, W.; Xiao, X.; Han, Y. effects of pitavastatin on lipid-rich carotid plaques studied using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Clin. Ther., 2017, 39(3), 620-629. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.01.013 PMID: 28185713
  98. Ishibashi, S.; Arai, H.; Yokote, K.; Araki, E.; Suganami, H.; Yamashita, S. Efficacy and safety of pemafibrate (K-877), a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α modulator, in patients with dyslipidemia: Results from a 24-week, randomized, double blind, active-controlled, phase 3 trial. J. Clin. Lipidol., 2018, 12(1), 173-184. doi: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.10.006 PMID: 29203092
  99. Kim, D.W.; Kim, H.K.; Bae, E.K. The effects of lifestyle modification and statin therapy on the circulatory markers for vascular risk in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav., 2017, 76, 133-135. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.08.041 PMID: 28927716
  100. Lee, S.H.; Cho, K.I.; Kim, J.Y.; Ahn, Y.K.; Rha, S.W.; Kim, Y.J.; Choi, Y.S.; Choi, S.W.; Jeon, D.W.; Min, P.K.; Choi, D.J.; Baek, S.H.; Kim, K.S.; Byun, Y.S.; Jang, Y. Non-lipid effects of rosuvastatin–fenofibrate combination therapy in high-risk Asian patients with mixed hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 221(1), 169-175. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.12.042 PMID: 22269152
  101. Wang, G.; He, L.; Liu, J.; Yu, J.; Feng, X.; Li, F.; Hao, Y.; Mao, J.; Hong, T.; Chen, A.F.; Wang, X. Coronary flow velocity reserve is improved by PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Cardiovasc. Ther., 2013, 31(3), 161-167. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00307.x PMID: 22280018
  102. Wang, H.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, J. The clinical evaluation of combined detection of microcirculation, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory-related factors in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy with atorvastatin. Eur. J. Inflamm., 2019, 17, 2058739219847830.
  103. Chen, W.; Tian, T.; Wang, S.; Xue, Y.; Sun, Z.; Wang, S. Characteristics of carotid atherosclerosis in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes at different disease course, and the intervention by statins in very elderly patients. J. Diabetes Investig., 2018, 9(2), 389-395. doi: 10.1111/jdi.12710 PMID: 28685957
  104. de Lorgeril, M.; Salen, P.; Paillard, F.; Lacan, P.; Richard, G. Lipid-lowering drugs and homocysteine. Lancet, 1999, 353(9148), 209-210. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)77220-2 PMID: 9923885
  105. Ansquer, J.C.; Dalton, R.N.; Caussé, E.; Crimet, D.; Le Malicot, K.; Foucher, C. Effect of fenofibrate on kidney function: A 6-week randomized crossover trial in healthy people. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2008, 51(6), 904-913. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.01.014 PMID: 18501783
  106. Wustmann, K.; Klaey, M.; Burow, A.; Shaw, S.G.; Hess, O.M.; Allemann, Y. Additive effect of homocysteine- and cholesterol-lowering therapy on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc. Ther., 2012, 30(5), 277-286. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00272.x PMID: 21884007
  107. Chong, P.H.; Seeger, J.D.; Franklin, C. Clinically relevant differences between the statins: Implications for therapeutic selection. Am. J. Med., 2001, 111(5), 390-400. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00870-1 PMID: 11583643
  108. Poddar, R.; Sivasubramanian, N.; DiBello, P.M.; Robinson, K.; Jacobsen, D.W. Homocysteine induces expression and secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interleukin-8 in human aortic endothelial cells: Implications for vascular disease. Circulation, 2001, 103(22), 2717-2723. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.103.22.2717 PMID: 11390343
  109. Zeng, X.; Guan, Y.; Remick, D.G.; Wang, X. Signal pathways underlying homocysteine-induced production of MCP-1 and IL-8 in cultured human whole blood. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2005, 26(1), 85-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00005.x PMID: 15659119
  110. Cai, T.; Abel, L.; Langford, O.; Monaghan, G.; Aronson, J.K.; Stevens, R.J.; Lay-Flurrie, S.; Koshiaris, C.; McManus, R.J.; Hobbs, F.D.R.; Sheppard, J.P. Associations between statins and adverse events in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review with pairwise, network, and dose-response meta-analyses. BMJ, 2021, 374(1537), n1537. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1537 PMID: 34261627
  111. Koushki, K.; Shahbaz, S.K.; Mashayekhi, K.; Sadeghi, M.; Zayeri, Z.D.; Taba, M.Y.; Banach, M.; Al-Rasadi, K.; Johnston, T.P.; Sahebkar, A. Anti-inflammatory action of statins in cardiovascular disease: The role of inflammasome and toll-like receptor pathways. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol., 2021, 60(2), 175-199. doi: 10.1007/s12016-020-08791-9 PMID: 32378144
  112. Bahrami, A.; Parsamanesh, N.; Atkin, S.L.; Banach, M.; Sahebkar, A. Effect of statins on toll-like receptors: A new insight to pleiotropic effects. Pharmacol. Res., 2018, 135, 230-238. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.014 PMID: 30120976
  113. Khalifeh, M.; Penson, P.; Banach, M.; Sahebkar, A. Statins as anti-pyroptotic agents. Arch. Med. Sci., 2021, 17(5), 1414-1417. doi: 10.5114/aoms/141155 PMID: 34522271
  114. Shakour, N.; Ruscica, M.; Hadizadeh, F.; Cirtori, C.; Banach, M.; Jamialahmadi, T.; Sahebkar, A. Statins and C-reactive protein: In silico evidence on direct interaction. Arch. Med. Sci., 2020, 16(6), 1432-1439. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2020.100304 PMID: 33224343
  115. Morita, H.; Saito, Y.; Ohashi, N.; Yoshikawa, M.; Katoh, M.; Ashida, T.; Kurihara, H.; Nakamura, T.; Kurabayashi, M.; Nagai, R. Fluvastatin ameliorates the hyperhomocysteinemia-induced endothelial dysfunction: The antioxidative properties of fluvastatin. Circ. J., 2005, 69(4), 475-480. doi: 10.1253/circj.69.475 PMID: 15791046
  116. Sahebkar, A.; Pećin, I.; Tedeschi-Reiner, E.; Derosa, G.; Maffioli, P.; Reiner, Ž. Effects of statin therapy on augmentation index as a measure of arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Cardiol., 2016, 212, 160-168. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.010 PMID: 27038725
  117. Redfearn, D.P.; Trim, G.M.; Skanes, A.C.; Petrellis, B.; Krahn, A.D.; Yee, R.; Klein, G.J. Esophageal temperature monitoring during radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol., 2005, 16(6), 589-593. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.40825.x PMID: 15946354
  118. Schroecksnadel, K.; Frick, B.; Winkler, C.; Wirleitner, B.; Weiss, G.; Fuchs, D. Atorvastatin suppresses homocysteine formation in stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2005, 43(12), 1373-1376. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2005.234 PMID: 16309375
  119. Amioka, N.; Miyoshi, T. Fibrates: A possible treatment option for patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm? Biomolecules, 2022, 12(1), 74. doi: 10.3390/biom12010074 PMID: 35053222
  120. Inoue, I.; Goto, S.; Matsunaga, T.; Nakajima, T.; Awata, T.; Hokari, S.; Komoda, T.; Katayama, S. The ligands/activators for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARγ increase Cu2+, Zn2+-superoxide dismutase and decrease p22phox message expressions in primary endothelial cells. Metabolism, 2001, 50(1), 3-11. doi: 10.1053/meta.2001.19415 PMID: 11172467
  121. Zinellu, A.; Mangoni, A.A. A systematic review and meta- analysis of the effect of statins on glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Antioxidants, 2021, 10(11), 1841. doi: 10.3390/antiox10111841 PMID: 34829712
  122. Morillas-Ruiz, J.M.; Rubio-Perez, J.M.; Albaladejo, M.D.; Zafrilla, P.; Parra, S.; Vidal-Guevara, M.L. Effect of an antioxidant drink on homocysteine levels in Alzheimer’s patients. J. Neurol. Sci., 2010, 299(1-2), 175-178. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.050 PMID: 20850133
  123. Peng, X.; Gao, Q.; Zhou, J.; Ma, J.; Zhao, D.; Hao, L. Association between dietary antioxidant vitamins intake and homocysteine levels in middle-aged and older adults with hypertension: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 2021, 11(10), e045732. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045732 PMID: 34642187
  124. Gouédard, C.; Koum-Besson, N.; Barouki, R.; Morel, Y. Opposite regulation of the human paraoxonase-1 gene PON-1 by fenofibrate and statins. Mol. Pharmacol., 2003, 63(4), 945-956. doi: 10.1124/mol.63.4.945 PMID: 12644596
  125. Foucher, C.; Brugère, L.; Ansquer, J.C. Fenofibrate, homocysteine and renal function. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol., 2010, 8(5), 589-603. doi: 10.2174/157016110792006987 PMID: 20507276
  126. Hadjivasilis, A.; Kouis, P.; Kousios, A.; Panayiotou, A. The effect of fibrates on kidney function and chronic kidney disease progression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies. J. Clin. Med., 2022, 11(3), 768. doi: 10.3390/jcm11030768 PMID: 35160220
  127. Goffin, E.; Jamar, F.; Desager, J.P.; Devuyst, O. Implication of fibrate therapy for homocysteine.. Lancet, 1999, 354(9185), 1209. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75417-9 PMID: 10513738
  128. Zhang, Z.; Gu, X.; Fang, X.; Tang, Z.; Guan, S.; Liu, H.; Wu, X.; Wang, C.; Zhao, Y. Homocysteine and the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause death in elderly population: A community-based prospective cohort study. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag., 2020, 16, 471-481. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S239496 PMID: 32547044
  129. Huo, Y.; Li, J.; Qin, X.; Huang, Y.; Wang, X.; Gottesman, R.F.; Tang, G.; Wang, B.; Chen, D.; He, M.; Fu, J.; Cai, Y.; Shi, X.; Zhang, Y.; Cui, Y.; Sun, N.; Li, X.; Cheng, X.; Wang, J.; Yang, X.; Yang, T.; Xiao, C.; Zhao, G.; Dong, Q.; Zhu, D.; Wang, X.; Ge, J.; Zhao, L.; Hu, D.; Liu, L.; Hou, F.F. Efficacy of folic acid therapy in primary prevention of stroke among adults with hypertension in China: The CSPPT randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2015, 313(13), 1325-1335. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.2274 PMID: 25771069
  130. Blais, J.E.; Tong, G.K.Y.; Pathadka, S.; Mok, M.; Wong, I.C.K.; Chan, E.W. Comparative efficacy and safety of statin and fibrate monotherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of head-to-head randomized controlled trials. PLoS One, 2021, 16(2), e0246480. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246480 PMID: 33561179
  131. Terra, S.G.; Francone, O.L.; Contant, C.F.; Gao, X.; Lewin, A.J.; Nguyen, T.T. Efficacy and safety of a potent and selective peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha agonist in subjects with dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Cardiol., 2008, 102(4), 434-439.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2024 Bentham Science Publishers