Целлюлоза и бумага: получение, свойства, применение. Бумажные продукты электротехнического назначения (обзор)

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Abstract

Развитие лесохимии с целью получения новых и замещения уже используемых функциональных материалов продукцией на базе лигноцеллюлозного сырья является важнейшим направлением научно-технического прогресса XXI века. Целлюлозу по праву относят к неисчерпаемому ресурсу с постоянно возобновляемой сырьевой базой. Ее уникальные свойства обеспечиваются системой меж- и внутримолекулярных водородных связей. Данная система ответственна за высокую термическую и химическую стойкость полимера, высокие механические характеристики, сорбционные и другие свойства. Инертность целлюлозы открывает возможности для ее использования в медицине, электронике, космонавтике и др. В данном обзоре рассматриваются вопросы, посвященные эволюции целлюлозы от исходного сырья к готовому продукту — бумаге для электрических компонентов. Основными требованиями, выдвигаемыми к таким бумагам, являются их химическая и термическая стойкость, транспортные свойства — селективность и пропускная способность, внутреннее сопротивление, прочность и т. д. Оптимизация этих свойств возможна за счет как физико-химической модификации целлюлозы, так и создания плотной сетки физических зацеплений между волокнами. Химический состав исходного сырья играет одну из ключевых ролей в формировании будущих свойств получаемой бумаги. Как правило, приветствуется использование целлюлозы с высоким содержанием альфа-фракции, низкой долей лигнина и гемицеллюлозы, пектинов. Металлы и неорганические соединения должны быть полностью исключены из состава используемой целлюлозы. Введение в гидратцеллюлозные волокна натуральных и синтетических волокон позволяет изменять не только механические и транспортные, но и электрические свойства бумаги. Другим перспективным направлением по оптимизации свойств конденсаторных и сепараторных бумаг является создание тонких поверхностных слоев целлюлозной или иной природы.

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About the authors

Игорь Сергеевич Макаров

Институт нефтехимического синтеза им. А. В. Топчиева РАН

Author for correspondence.
Email: makarov@ips.ac.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8183-4215

к.х.н.

Russian Federation, 119991, ГСП-1, г. Москва, Ленинский пр., д. 29

Наталья Владимировна Щербак

Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова

Email: makarov@ips.ac.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4288-2895

к.т.н., доцент

Russian Federation, 163002, г. Архангельск, наб. Северной Двины, д. 17

Юлия Вениаминовна Севастьянова

Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова

Email: makarov@ips.ac.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1806-9052

к.т.н., доцент

Russian Federation, 163002, г. Архангельск, наб. Северной Двины, д. 17

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Structure and composition of lignocellulosic mass.

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3. Fig. 2. Methods for obtaining cellulose-containing raw materials.

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4. Fig. 3. Morphology of paper during homogeneous and non-homogeneous forming.

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5. Fig. 4. Morphology of aqueous suspension of cellulose: outlines (a–c).

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6. Fig. 5. Scheme of paper production from aqueous suspension of cellulose.

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7. Fig. 6. Basic properties of paper.

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8. Fig. 7. Block diagrams of the processes of processing cellulose into fibers.

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9. Fig. 8. Capacitor diagram.

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