Iron-manganese nodules of soils from natural landscapes of the South of Russian Far East

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Abstract

The structure, composition, and specificity of microelements accumulation by the rounded nodules of soddy-brown-podzolic gleyic soils (Gleyic Luvisol (Manganiferric)) from nature reserves and a national park in the south of the Far East were studied using advanced analytical methods and noninvasive techniques. The nodules are characterized by pronounced differentiation into external (brown and ocher-brown, Fe-enriched, dense) and internal (dark brown, Mn-enriched, loose) zones. According to the Mn compounds distribution in the internal zone, two types of nodules were identified: with an undifferentiated internal zone and with a core(s). The cores contain C-enriched microzones, which are centers of Fe and Mn presipitation. The stages of the co-precipitation of Fe and Mn and the stages with predominant precipitation of one of the elements were identified in the nodules. The nodules consist of a complex of minerals inherited from soils as well as nodule-specific minerals (goethite, feroxyhyte, and birnessite). The Fe content in the nodules was on average 4 times higher than the soil content, the Mn content was 21.9 times higher, and the C content was 3.6 times higher. In the nodules, Pb accumulates most intensively (EF 5.53–12.14); its accumulation is determined by the combined participation of C- and Mn-containing compounds. Nickel (EF 0.89–5.81) and Cr (EF 1.22–2.60) accumulate less actively; V (EF 0.85–1.88) and Sr (EF 0.58–1.43) accumulate weakly. The phases accumulating Ni, Cr, V, and Sr are compounds of nodules containing Fe and C. Zinc does not accumulate in nodules. A comparison of the microelement water-soluble form concentrations indicates a decrease in the mobility of Cr, Pb, Ni, V, and Sr in nodules compared to soils.

About the authors

Ya. O. Timofeeva

Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: timofeeva@biosoil.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0829-7107
Russian Federation, Vladivostok, 690022

A. A. Karabtsov

Far East Geological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: timofeeva@biosoil.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok, 690022

M. L. Burdukovskii

Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: timofeeva@biosoil.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1806-6721
Russian Federation, Vladivostok, 690022

L. N. Purtova

Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: timofeeva@biosoil.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7776-7419
Russian Federation, Vladivostok, 690022

E. S. Martynenko

Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: timofeeva@biosoil.ru
Russian Federation, Vladivostok, 690022

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Supplementary files

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2. Appendix
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3. Fig. 1. Iron-manganese nodules: (a) – nodules of different sizes, (b) – intra-profile variation in nodule content.

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4. Fig. 2. Distribution of elements in nodules: (a) – Fe and Mn distribution in the outer and inner zones, (b) – Mn distribution in the inner zone of typical, mono- and polynuclear nodules, (c) – Si, Al and C distribution.

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5. Fig. 3. Micrographs of structures in nodule cores: (a) – Si-enriched elongated structure, (b), (c) – diatom shells, (d), (e) – spheroidal structures.

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6. Fig. 4. Change in Fe and Mn concentration during precipitation in nodules: (a) – nodules formed in the upper and middle parts of the profile, (b) – nodules formed in the lower part of the profile.

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7. Fig. 5. Pseudocrystalline structures in nodules: (a) – areas with high optical density, (b) – micromorphology of Fe–Mn compounds, (c) – honeycomb structures of pseudocrystals of Mn compounds.

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