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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский журнал кожных и венерических болезней</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1560-9588</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">686366</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/dv686366</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">XDCXCI</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DERMATOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДЕРМАТОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Vitiligo: current concepts of pathogenesis, genetics, biomarkers, and innovative treatment approaches</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Витилиго: современные представления о патогенезе, генетике, биомаркерах и инновационных методах лечения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9326-3703</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Amami</surname><given-names>Jihen</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Амами</surname><given-names>Жихен</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>jihene.amami1997@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9406-6841</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5688-0672</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhiltsova</surname><given-names>Elena E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жильцова</surname><given-names>Елена Егоровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>elen_egorovna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ryazan State Medical University named after Academician I.P. Pavlov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Рязанский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>345</fpage><lpage>356</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-07"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-05"><day>05</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-07-03"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjsvd.com/1560-9588/article/view/686366">https://rjsvd.com/1560-9588/article/view/686366</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune skin disease characterized by progressive destruction of melanocytes, the mechanisms of which have long remained poorly understood. Despite significant advances in understanding certain aspects of the disease, until recently, a comprehensive picture of the molecular basis of vitiligo and effective therapeutic approaches was lacking. The need to systematize the latest data on the genetic, immunological, and therapeutic aspects of the disease prompted this review of current research.</p> <p>This search and analytical review of studies published between 2020 and 2025 has revealed revolutionary changes in our understanding of vitiligo pathogenesis. Genome-wide association studies have identified 54 gene loci associated with the disease, with familial and SNP heritability estimates of 0.75–0.83 and 0.78, respectively, indicating that the genetic architecture of the disease has been almost completely defined. The key role of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes in the selective destruction of melanocytes via the perforin-granzyme pathway and the interferon-γ-induced chemokine loop CXCL10-CXCR3 has been established. Novel biomarkers have been identified, including the transcription factor NFATC1, FOXP3 promoter polymorphisms, and NKG2D+ memory CD8+ T cells. Clinical trials demonstrate the breakthrough potential of JAK inhibitors, with topical ruxolitinib showing efficacy through suppression of local immune autoreactivity and tofacitinib providing systemic effects through blockade of interferon-γ signaling.</p> <p>The presented analysis systematizes, for the first time, current data on the complete genetic architecture of vitiligo, new molecular biomarkers, and revolutionary therapeutic approaches, including the concept of enhancing the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and CAR-Treg therapy, which opens up prospects for personalized diagnosis and pathogenetically based treatment of the disease.</p> <p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Витилиго представляет собой хроническое аутоиммунное заболевание кожи с прогрессирующей деструкцией меланоцитов, механизмы патогенеза которого долгое время оставались недостаточно изученными. Несмотря на значительные успехи в понимании отдельных аспектов заболевания, до недавнего времени отсутствовали как комплексная картина молекулярных основ витилиго, так и эффективные терапевтические подходы. Необходимость систематизации новейших данных о генетических, иммунологических и терапевтических аспектах заболевания легла в основу проведения данного анализа современной литературы.</p> <p>Поисково-аналитический обзор источников, опубликованных за период 2020–2025 годов, выявил революционные изменения в понимании патогенеза витилиго. Полногеномные ассоциативные исследования идентифицировали 54 локуса генов, связанных с заболеванием, при этом показатели семейной и SNP-наследуемости составили 0,75–0,83 и 0,78 соответственно, что указывает на практически полное определение генетической архитектуры заболевания. Установлена ключевая роль цитотоксических CD8+ T-лимфоцитов в селективной деструкции меланоцитов через перфорин-гранзимовый путь и интерферон-γ-индуцированную хемокиновую петлю CXCL10-CXCR3. Идентифицированы новые биомаркеры, включающие транскрипционный фактор NFATC1, полиморфизмы промотора FOXP3 и NKG2D+ CD8+ T-клеток памяти. Клинические испытания демонстрируют прорывные возможности JAK-ингибиторов, при этом топический руксолитиниб показывает эффективность через подавление локальной иммунной аутореактивности, а тофацитиниб обеспечивает системное воздействие через блокаду интерферон-γ-сигнализации.</p> <p>Представленный анализ впервые систематизирует современные данные о полной генетической архитектуре витилиго, новых молекулярных биомаркерах и революционных терапевтических подходах, включая концепцию усиления оси PD-1/PD-L1 и CAR-Treg терапию, что открывает перспективы для персонализированной диагностики и патогенетически обоснованного лечения заболевания.</p> <p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vitiligo</kwd><kwd>autoimmune mechanisms</kwd><kwd>genetic predisposition</kwd><kwd>cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>regulatory T cells</kwd><kwd>JAK inhibitors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>витилиго</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунные механизмы</kwd><kwd>генетическая предрасположенность</kwd><kwd>цитотоксические CD8+ T-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>регуляторные T-клетки</kwd><kwd>JAK-ингибиторы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Batchaeva AKh, Sampiev AM, Denisenko ON. 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