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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский журнал кожных и венерических болезней</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1560-9588</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9097</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">637126</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/dv637126</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DERMATOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДЕРМАТОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Granuloma annulare: modern concepts of pathogenesis and pathogenetically based therapy (literature review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Кольцевидная гранулёма: современные представления о патогенезе и патогенетически обоснованная терапия (обзор литературы)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1713-4123</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2828-8975</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pahalage</surname><given-names>Chanilka A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пахалаге</surname><given-names>Чанилка  Абегунавардана</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>chanilka92@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8584-615X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5518-6453</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>Irina O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Ирина Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>driosmirnova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4699-1746</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8715-3940</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ptashnikova</surname><given-names>Polina D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пташникова</surname><given-names>Полина Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>enternita7@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Leningrad Regional Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ленинградский областной Центр специализированных видов медицинской помощи</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Dermatological and Venereological Dispensary</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городской кожно-венерологический диспансер</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-02-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-16"><day>16</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-01-31"><day>31</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-01-01"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjsvd.com/1560-9588/article/view/637126">https://rjsvd.com/1560-9588/article/view/637126</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Granuloma annulare is a chronic, benign, non-infectious skin disorder that causes ring-shaped papules, most commonly on the hands and feet. The condition is considered rare, according to some data, it affects less than 0.04% of the population. However, in recent years there has been an increase in the incidence of dermatosis, which is associated with the high prevalence of infectious diseases, including infections caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The pathogenesis of granuloma annulare has not been fully deciphered; nevertheless, comparative analysis of a wide range of biomarkers in biopsies of affected skin has shown differences in the expression of genes involved in regulation of innate immunity, Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes, and Janus kinases. Associations of granuloma annulare with endocrine, immune, and autoimmune diseases, malignant neoplasms, as well as the triggering role of infections and vaccinations, are subjects of discussion, despite advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of disease development.</p> <p>The treatment of granuloma annulare presents quite complex challenge. Topical corticosteroids can be effective in localized forms of the disease. Calcineurin inhibitors can be used in combination with them. For disseminated forms of the dermatosis, narrowband medium wave ultraviolet therapy at 311 nm, PUVA, and 308 nm excimer ultraviolet light therapy are prescribed. There are descriptions of the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs.</p> <p>Currently, TNF-α inhibitors, JAK inhibitors and IL-23 inhibitors are proposed as targeted therapy for granuloma annulare. The basis for this recommendation is the latest information about the pathogenesis of granuloma annulare.</p> <p>The presented literature review systematizes modern concepts of molecular and cellular mechanisms of granuloma annulare development, infectious and non-infectious triggers of inflammation, the role of endocrine, immune and oncological pathology as predisposing factors. Significant importance is given to the analysis of treatment methods of the disease.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Кольцевидная гранулёма ― хроническое доброкачественное неинфекционное заболевание кожи, проявляющееся кольцевидными папулами, чаще всего на руках и ногах. Заболевание считают редким: по некоторым данным, им поражено менее 0,04% населения. Однако в последние годы отмечается рост заболеваемости дерматозом, что связывают с высокой распространённостью инфекционных заболеваний, в том числе инфекции, вызванной коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2. Патогенез кольцевидной гранулёмы до конца не расшифрован, тем не менее в ходе сравнительного анализа широкого спектра биомаркеров в биоптатах поражённой кожи констатированы различия в экспрессии генов, участвующих в регуляции врождённого иммунитета, Th1 и Th2 лимфоцитов, янус-киназ. Ассоциации кольцевидной гранулёмы с эндокринными, иммунными и аутоиммунными болезнями, злокачественными новообразованиями, а также триггерная роль инфекций и вакцинации являются предметном обсуждения, несмотря на достижения в понимании молекулярных механизмов развития болезни.</p> <p>Лечение кольцевидной гранулёмы представляет собою довольно сложную задачу. Топические кортикостероиды могут быть эффективны при ограниченных формах заболевания. В комбинации с ними возможно использование ингибиторов кальциневрина. При диссеминированных формах дерматоза назначают узкополосную средневолновую ультрафиолетовую терапию 311 нм, ПУВА, терапию эксимерным ультрафиолетовым светом 308 нм. Имеются описания эффективности антибактериальных препаратов. В настоящее время в качестве таргетной терапии кольцевидной гранулёмы предлагают использовать ингибиторы фактора некроза опухоли (TNF-α), янус-киназ (JAK) и интерлейкина-23 (IL-23). Основанием для такой рекомендации являются новые сведения о патогенезе кольцевидной гранулёмы.</p> <p>Представленный обзор литературы систематизирует современные представления о молекулярных и клеточных механизмах развития заболевания, инфекционных и неинфекционных триггерах воспаления, роли эндокринной, иммунной и онкологической патологии как предрасполагающих факторах. Существенное значение уделяется анализу методов терапии заболевания.</p> <p>Ключевые слова: кольцевидная гранулёма; патогенез; триггеры; предрасполагающие факторы; наружная терапия; системная терапия.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>granuloma annulare</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>triggers</kwd><kwd>predisposing factors</kwd><kwd>external therapy</kwd><kwd>systemic therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кольцевидная гранулёма</kwd><kwd>патогенез</kwd><kwd>триггеры</kwd><kwd>предрасполагающие факторы</kwd><kwd>наружная терапия</kwd><kwd>системная терапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Joshi TP, Tschen J. Apremilast for the treatment of generalized granuloma annulare: A case series of 8 patients. JAAD Case Rep. 2023;38:59–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.06.011 EDN: FVTVUA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Fox TC. 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