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No 12 (2025)
Статьи
Continuity of the industry's history and the connection between generations in construction materials science as a manifestation of traditional values
7-10
Petr Petrovich Budnikov – founder of silicate science in Russia
12-18
Factory tests of ceramic brick technology with a matrix structure based on aggregated ash complexes
Abstract
The relevance of using man-made mineral waste in the technology of ceramic wall products is shown. A promising direction for the production of ceramic bricks based on aggregated ash complexes is considered. A method of obtaining them is given, which ensures a decrease in the average density and an increase in the thermal characteristics of wall products. A brief description of the raw materials used in conducting factory tests is given, including thermal power plant fly ash, natural clay raw materials and a technological binder based on polyvinyl alcohol. The composition and technique of preparation of a granular press mass consisting of aggregated ash complexes are given. The parameters of pressing raw bricks and firing products in the factory are presented. Mechanical tests of compressive and bending strength of ceramic bricks based on aggregated ash complexes in a factory laboratory are shown. The results of a study of the physico-mechanical properties of an experimental batch of ceramic bricks with a matrix structure based on aggregated ash complexes are presented. A technological scheme for the production of ceramic bricks based on ash granules has been developed. The main stages of the full cycle of ceramic products production are given. A technological regulation has been developed for the design of the production of ceramic bricks from loam and ash-entrainment of thermal power plants.
19-24
Prospects for the use of hydraulic extraction ash as the main raw material in the production of building ceramics by plastic molding
Abstract
The results of research are presented, the purpose of which was to evaluate the possibility of using hydraulic extraction ash, hereinafter referred to as CSU, as the main raw material in the production of building ceramics by plastic molding. The main object of research, based on previously conducted work, was chosen to be the ZGU TPP-10. The article presents the raw materials that provide the possibility of plastic molding of raw samples, their physico-mechanical characteristics, as well as the physico–mechanical characteristics of a ceramic shard obtained from CSU by plastic molding. Using mathematical planning, the key factors influencing the properties of the raw material and the strength of the ceramic shard obtained on its basis have been established. According to the research results, it has been established that the molding properties of CSU that meet the criteria of plastic molding can be achieved by introducing organic additives, modifiers, which simultaneously ensure the consistency of the raw material composition and the preservation of its geometric parameters after the molding process. The strength of the raw material, depending on its component composition, varies from 1.97 to 3.46 MPa, and the ceramic shard, depending on the firing temperature, can vary from 35.3 to 65.9 MPa, respectively. The achieved physical and mechanical characteristics meet the requirements of GOST 530–2019 Ceramic brick and stone. The general technical conditions indicate the fundamental possibility of using CSU as the main raw material for the production of building ceramics by plastic molding.
27-32
Pricing in individual housing construction segment: statistical study of wall material influence on construction cost
Abstract
The study results of individual housing construction (IHC) cost depending on used materials and the exterior walls construction technology are presented. The study relevance is due to the residential housing segment prevalence in the Russian housing market in terms of commissioning volumes and its decisive influence on the building materials demand. A representative selection including 25,221 standard projects was formed and analyzed for obtaining an objective comparative assessment based on open data. The article presents key wall construction technologies classification from precast reinforced concrete and glued beams to frame structures, blocks and SIP panels. Based on statistical analysis the technologies price segments were identified and ranked, and statistically significant the wall material effect on the total cost per square meter was shown. It was found that the gap between the average cost of the most expensive (precast reinforced concrete) and the most economical (SIP panel) solution reaches 48.8%. The variance analysis results are presented confirming the allocation of premium, medium and budget technology segments. The results obtained create the information basis for the construction technologies comparative analysis and can be used by market participants when choosing optimal design solutions and planning the construction budget.
33-40
The cycle of mineral wool processing with its recycling
Abstract
In the context of transition to a circular economy, the task of managing man-made waste, in particular, in construction industry, one of the largest waste generators is becoming especially relevant. The key area is the development and implementation of the decommissioned materials processing technologies that minimizes the disposal volume and reduces primary raw materials consumption. The mineral wool is one of the most common thermal insulation materials, its waste volume is significant at the production stage (trim, scrap) as well as at the end of buildings life cycle (dismantling, renovation). This fibrous material made from rock melts (rock wool) or glass (glass wool) has high thermal and sound insulation characteristics and widespread use in construction for decades. However, the specific fibrous structure and the presence of binders, mainly phenol-formaldehyde resins, create significant difficulties for their recycling. Traditionally, such waste is sent to landfills, which leads to negative environmental impacts and valuable material resources loss. In this regard, the development of scientifically sound and technologically feasible methods for mineral wool waste processing in order to reintegrate it into the production cycle or apply it in other/related industries is an important scientific and practical task. The article is about the potential life cycle analysis and an overview of possible technological routes for mineral wool waste recycling.
41-47
Evaluation of effectiveness of thermal insulation paints
Abstract
The purpose of the work was to evaluate the thermal (energy) and economic efficiency of using thermal insulation paints as a substitute for traditional thermal insulation materials. A comparison of the paint parameters declared by the manufacturers (thermal conductivity coefficient) with the maximum possible parameters (from the standpoint of the theory of thermal conductivity) makes it possible to give an objective assessment of the scope and energy efficiency of using heat-protective paints in the construction industry and the energy sector. The data of theoretical calculations of the thermal conductivity coefficient of paints using the Schwerdtfeiger formula are presented, which are in good agreement with experimental data obtained by other authors. It is shown that the coefficient of thermal conductivity of paints has a minus of the second order and is not lower than the coefficient of thermal conductivity of traditional thermal insulation materials. The thermophysical parameters of thermal insulation paints claimed by manufacturers do not correspond to reality and, in principle, cannot provide effective thermal protection of engineering structures. To assess energy efficiency, two main characteristics of thermal protection from the compared materials were calculated; the degree of increase in thermal resistance and the degree of decrease in heat flow of the insulated object. It is shown that it is not possible to achieve the required degree of thermal protection of objects using the proposed paints. The economic assessment of the effectiveness of using thermal insulation paints both separately and in combination with traditional thermal insulation has shown their complete lack of competitiveness. To achieve the same thermal effect when using “thermal insulation paints” one needs to spend, on average, 100 times more just on materials. With the combined use of “thermal insulation paints” together with traditional thermal insulation materials (in particular, mineral wool), the cost of achieving an equal thermal effect increases, on average, by a factor of 6, with an increase in thermal resistance of only 1.04 times. The general conclusion is that thermal insulation paints cannot be used for thermal protection of objects and energy saving in the form advertised by manufacturers.
48-56
Properties analysis and efficiency evaluation of an organomineral composite based on recycled and man-made raw materials for the construction of highway structures
Abstract
Taking into account the increase in the pace of construction and repair works in the road construction industry caused by solving a set of problems of strategic development of the road network, the application of resource-saving technologies is a pressing task. Among various types of alternative raw materials, secondary and man-made resources in the form of asphalt concrete granulate and fly ash, which are formed in large quantities and have the potential for reuse in combination with various types of binders, are of particular interest. In the framework of the presented study, the physicomechanical properties of organomineral composites – asphalt granule concrete based on asphalt granulate using various types of fly ash as structure formation regulators in combination with various binder systems were studied. It was found that with a joint use of secondary and man-made raw materials, asphalt granule concrete has the following properties: R22 (7 days) – 0.48–0.61 MPa; R40 (7 days) – 0.41–0.58 MPa; R22 (28 days) – 1.23–1.47 MPa; water resistance – 0.73–0.85. The design and calculation of Category III road structures for base layer replacement and Category IV road structures for pavement replacement resulted in a reduction in overall structural thickness of 9 and 3 cm, respectively, along with safety factors of Kpr = 1.8 and Kpr = 1.41, respectively. The cost-effectiveness of the developed solutions is 14.74% for Category III structures and 38.17% for Category IV structures.
57-64
Functional and structural analysis of the freon circuit of an air heat pump
Abstract
One of the priority areas of research in the field of energy-efficient heat supply of premises is the search for alternative solutions for the efficient generation of thermal energy. The priority of this area is growing every year, although there are very few actually applicable system solutions developed. The most universal solution among devices with alternative heat energy generation is an air source heat pump (ASHP). To improve the efficiency of heat pump and heat exchange systems in the climatic conditions of the continental climate, domestic scientists have developed technical and organizational-technological solutions that have received positive results in the context of practical implementation at real construction sites. Nevertheless, for the further development of devices today there are opportunities for rational modernization of classical solutions for heat supply of buildings. One of the unsolved problems is the lack of physical and mathematical models of non-stationary heat transfer processes in the internal circuit of the ASHP, complicated by the phenomena of phase transformations during boiling and condensation of the refrigerant inside the system, and desublimation of moisture on the outer surface of the heat exchanger fins. Existing thermodynamic calculation methods offer only recommendations for the conditions of application of heat pump systems based on laboratory studies and tables. The situation can change dramatically with the availability of adequate physical and mathematical models of processes that allow analyzing the state of the working fluid in the ASHP circuit under conditions of pronounced non-stationarity of hydrodynamic and heat exchange processes.
65-72
Asymptotics of the deep bed filtration problem for a three-particle suspension
Abstract
Construction of high quality safe highways is an integral part of transportation infrastructure development in the Russian Federation. In order to ensure the durability of the roadbed, effective soil reinforcement is required during the construction of roads and in the course of their operation. The injected soil reinforcement method has proved to be one of the most effective. The essence of the method is that the reinforcing solution is injected into the zones of the base, sets and creates a strong structure in the porous medium. The study of the filtration process in the porous medium, i.e. the movement of the reinforcing agent and the formation of sludge, is of great practical importance. The suspension filling the porous medium contains particles of different sizes, namely small, medium and large particles. The mathematical model is based on the size mechanism of particle entrapment: particles larger than the pore size are trapped, while smaller ones pass through. The asymptotic solution to the problem near the concentration front is based on the decomposition of the solutions of precipitated and suspended particles into power series. The problem has no exact analytical solution, so a numerical solution by the finite difference method is proposed. To find asymptotic solutions of suspended and precipitated particles near the concentration front, the expansion of functions in power series over small distance to the front was used. Graphs of the concentrations of precipitated particles of each type and their asymptotic solutions were obtained.
73-78
Adhesive interactions in foam concrete mixtures at the phase transition stage
Abstract
The paper briefly outlines the problems of energy saving in construction and the effectiveness of using cellular concrete in layered wall structures. It presents a thesis on the influence of the adhesive strength of the “aggregate particle – cement stone” contact on the strength and permeability of foam concrete. The relationship between the structural stability of mixtures at the phase transition stage and the magnitude of the adhesive bond between the contacting raw materials is substantiated. Based on the results of fundamental and applied research that reflect the dependence of water’s adhesive properties on the thickness of layers that are physically bonded to the surface of solid materials, a hypothesis was formulated: “The measure of water’s capillary adhesion in foam concrete mixtures depends on the molecular weight of the raw materials on which it is located”. The hypothesis was experimentally verified and found to be accurate.
79-84