Pulse feeding and pulse growth: a highly adaptive strategy of heterotrophic dinoflagellates Oxyrrhis marina

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Pulse feeding and growth of the Black Sea strain of dinof lagellates Oxyrrhis marina (Dujardin, 1841) (OXY–IBSS), equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) (23.5 ± 3.1 mm) have been studied under experimental conditions simulating phytoplankton blooms. Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P, ESD 3.4 ±0.3 mm), Isochrysis galbana (I, ESD 3.7 ± 0.4 mm), Tetraselmis suecica (T, ESD 6.1 ± 0.9 mm), and Rhodomonas salina (R, 7.4 ± 0.7 µm) were used as food objects in a one-component and three-component suspensions. Microalgae concentrations (~106 cells/mL for T and R; up to ~4 × 106 cells/mL for P and I) were chosen to ensure their equal total carbon biomass ~0.02 mg C/mL in the food mixtures at the beginning of the experiment. Under ad libitum conditions, the maximum clearance rates of the OXY–IBSS reached 0.1–0.5 mL ind./day, and the grazing rate of microalgae was 34–44 cells/(ind h) for P and I, and 2–11 cells/(ind. h) for R and T, respectively. The grazing rate of microalgae in carbon units was significantly higher when feeding on I (3.9 ng C/(ind. day)) and significantly less when fed with a mixture of microalgae TRP (1.5 ng C/(ind. day)). Maximum abundance of OXY–IBSS, achieved within 3 or 4 days (by the time the microalgae concentration decreased below threshold), varied from 19 × 103 ind./mL (P) to 43 × 103 ind./mL (I). In the absence of food, dinof lagellates O. marina turned to cannibalism, and within 4 days the oscillating f luctuations (within 50%) in their number took place. Although the specific population growth rate (m, day-1) of OXY–IBSS was higher when feeding on small cells (~2 days–1 on I), the gross growth efficiency (GGE) of OXY–IBSS was significantly higher when fed on large (T and R) microalgae (26–29% vs. 14–15%). At lower daily rations (DRs) when fed with the mixture TRP, the GGE of OXY–IBSS was significantly higher (41%) when compared to other nutritional conditions. The feeding strategy of opportunistic predator O. marina on diverse (in terms of size and chemotaxonomic characteristics) mixtures of prey lay in a f lexible choice between high specific population growth rate, or high gross growth efficiency, that obviously gives the populations of this species the advantages over other protists under conditions of the pulsed phytoplankton blooms.

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Sobre autores

A. Khanaychenko

Institute of Biology of the South Seas

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: a.khanaychenko@gmail.com
Rússia, Sevastopol

L. Aganesova

Institute of Biology of the South Seas

Email: a.khanaychenko@gmail.com
Rússia, Sevastopol

V. Mukhanov

Institute of Biology of the South Seas

Email: a.khanaychenko@gmail.com
Rússia, Sevastopol

Bibliografia

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2. Fig. 1. Micrographs of the original cells: a — living cells of Tetraselmis sp. from the microcenosis of a temporary splash pond (Tetraselmis sp. + Oxyrrhis marina); b — living cells of Tetraselmis sp. and O. marina from a natural pond; c — an O. marina cell with Tetraselmis sp. inside and free Tetraselmis sp. cells after fixation with Lugol's solution; d — a living O. marina cell from a laboratory culture.

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3. Fig. 2. Gating of microalgae from three-component mixtures of TRI (a, b) and TRP (c, d) on two-parameter cytograms of direct light scattering (FS) and autofluorescence in the red (FL4, chlorophyll a) and orange (FL2, phycoerythrin) regions of the spectrum: I — Isochrysis galbana, P — Phaeodactylum tricornutum, T — Tetraselmis suecica, R — Rhodomonas salina.

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4. Fig. 3. Dynamics of changes in the cell number (N, cells/ml) of microalgae and Oxyrrhis marina in single-component suspensions: a — with Isochrysis galbana (I); b — with Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P); c — with Rhodomonas salina (R); d — with Tetraselmis suecica (T). O–P, O–I, O–T, O–R — the number of O. marina when feeding on the corresponding microalgae.

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5. Fig. 4. Dynamics of changes in the cell number (cells/ml) of microalgae in three-component mixtures of TRI (a) and TRP (b); dynamics of changes in the cell number of Oxyrrhis marina (cells/ml) in TRI and TRP mixtures and in the absence of microalgae (O-O) (c); dynamics of changes in the carbon equivalent of O. marina biomass in TRI and TRP mixtures and in the absence of microalgae (O-O) (d). Here and in Figs. 5, 6: I — Isochrysis galbana; N — abundance; O — Oxyrrhis marina, P –Phaeodactylum tricornutum, R — Rhodomonas salina, T — Tetraselmis suecica.

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6. Fig. 5. Filtration rates (F, nl/(specimen day)) and consumption rates of microalgae cells (Gi, cells/(specimen day)) and the carbon equivalent of their biomass (Gc, pg C/(specimen day)) by dinoflagellates from ad libitum to threshold concentrations in single-component suspensions.

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7. Fig. 6. Selectivity indices (Ei) of microalgae cells from three-component mixtures TRI (a, c) and TRP (b, d) on the 1st day of the experiment (a, b) and for 3 days in total (c, d).

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8. Fig. 7. Efficiency of carbon use from consumed microalgae on the increase in the carbon equivalent of biomass of heterotrophic dinoflagellates O. marina (GGE, %) when fed in one-component mixtures (O–P — Phaeodactylum tricornutum; O–R — Rhodomonas salina; O–T — Tetraselmis suecica; O–I — Isochrysis galbana) and in three-component mixtures of microalgae (O–TRI — Tetraselmis suecica, Rhodomonas salina, Isochrysis galbana and O–TRP — Tetraselmis suecica, Rhodomonas salina, Phaeodactylum tricornutum).

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